A B
1. polite a) Demanding obedience or exact observance.
2. behave b) Something good you receive because of something
that you have done.
3. peer c) To make something happen.
4. strict d) Penalty inflicted for wrong doing.
5. agent e) Behaving in a pleasant way.
6. to cause f) Copying a method or system.
7. reward g) A person of the same age.
8. punishment h) Someone whose job is to help a person.
9. modeling i) Treating somebody with honour.
10. respectful j) To do things in a particular way.
1. e
2. J
3. g
4. a
5. h
6. c
7. b
8. d
9. f
10. i
VI. B.
A B
1. neat a) significant
2. infant b) setting
3. develop c) demand
4. important d) firm
5. conclude e) clean
6. environment f) assume
7. rigid g) progress
8. insecure h) happen
9. request i) dangerous
10. occur j) child
1. e
2. j
3. g
4. a
5. f
6. b
7. d
8. i
9. c
10. h
VII. , B.
B
1. develop - iour
2. organise - sion
3. behave - tion
4. conclude - ment
5. punish
1. development
2. organization
3. behaviour
4. conclusion
5. punishment
VIII. , 2 4.
HOW WE LEARN TO BEHAVE
1. Being polite, neat, and family-oriented are characteristics of the well-socialized American. Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. For societies to exist, there must be some organized way of teaching the members who is expected of them and how they are to behave. Through socialization, the infant develops into a person like one of those described above.
2. Every society tries to socialize its members. The task is performed by several groups and institutions (called socializing agents). The family, the school, and the peer group are the most important socializing agents. Of these, the family is the most important, especially during the first few years of life. A review of various studies of families has concluded that warm, supportive, moderately strict family environments usually produce happy and well-behaved children; and that cold, rigid, and overly strict families tend to cause youngsters to become rebellious, resentful, and insecure.
3. How, then, do families and other socializing agents teach children how to behave? Two important ways are by sanctions (rewards and punishments) and by modeling.
4. Sanctions are consequences following a behaviour that influence whether the behaviour will be repeated. Positive sanctions mean that the behaviour is followed by something that is a reward. If a child asks a parent May I have some gum please? and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying please at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Negative sanctions (also known as punishments) mean that something bad happens after a behaviour occurs. When a child says Give some gum and the parent says No gum until you learn to ask politely and does not give the child the gum, the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way because he does not get what he wants.
|
|
|
5. Modeling refers to learning by watching the behaviour of others especially parents and copying that behaviour. Modeling influences both positive and negative behaviour. For example, children who are respectful to elderly people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people into trains and buses. On the other hand, children whose parents are alcoholics are more likely than other children to become alcoholics themselves.
:
2. . ( ). , , . , , . , , , , , ; , , , , , .
3. , , . , , . : , ? , , , . ( ) , - , . , , , , , , .
IX. .
1. How is socialization defined?
Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. For societies to exist, there must be some organized way of teaching the members who is expected of them and how they are to behave. Through socialization, the infant develops into a person like one of those described above.
2. What do socializing agents teach children?
Sanctions are consequences following a behaviour that influence whether the behaviour will be repeated. Positive sanctions mean that the behaviour is followed by something that is a reward. If a child asks a parent May I have some gum please? and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying please at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Negative sanctions (also known as punishments) mean that something bad happens after a behaviour occurs. When a child says Give some gum and the parent says No gum until you learn to ask politely and does not give the child the gum, the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way because he does not get what he wants.
|
|
|
3. How does modeling influence a childs behaviour?
Modeling refers to learning by watching the behaviour of others especially parents and copying that behaviour. Modeling influences both positive and negative behaviour. For example, children who are respectful to elderly people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people into trains and buses. On the other hand, children whose parents are alcoholics are more likely than other children to become alcoholics themselves.
X. ,
1. The family is the most important socializing agent.
true
2. There is only one way of teaching children how to behave: sanctions.
false
3. Modeling affects both positive and negative behaviour.
true
