A B
1. polite a) Demanding obedience or exact observance.
2. behave b) Something good you receive because of something
that you have done.
3. peer c) To make something happen.
4. strict d) Penalty inflicted for wrong doing.
5. agent e) Behaving in a pleasant way.
6. to cause f) Copying a method or system.
7. reward g) A person of the same age.
8. punishment h) Someone whose job is to help a person.
9. modeling i) Treating somebody with honour.
10. respectful j) To do things in a particular way.
1. – e
2. – J
3. – g
4. – a
5. – h
6. – c
7. – b
8. – d
9. – f
10. – i
VI. Подберите к словам из колонки А их синонимы из колонки B.
A B
1. neat a) significant
2. infant b) setting
3. develop c) demand
4. important d) firm
5. conclude e) clean
6. environment f) assume
7. rigid g) progress
8. insecure h) happen
9. request i) dangerous
10. occur j) child
1. – e
2. – j
3. – g
4. – a
5. – f
6. – b
7. – d
8. – i
9. – c
10. – h
VII. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов, взяв слова из колонки А и суффиксы из колонки B.
А B
1. develop - iour
2. organise - sion
3. behave - tion
4. conclude - ment
5. punish
1. development
2. organization
3. behaviour
4. conclusion
5. punishment
VIII. Прочитайте текст, перепишите и переведите письменно абзацы 2 и 4.
HOW WE LEARN TO BEHAVE
1. Being polite, neat, and family-oriented are characteristics of the well-socialized American. Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. For societies to exist, there must be some organized way of teaching the members who is expected of them and how they are to behave. Through socialization, the infant develops into a person like one of those described above.
2. Every society tries to socialize its members. The task is performed by several groups and institutions (called socializing agents). The family, the school, and the peer group are the most important socializing agents. Of these, the family is the most important, especially during the first few years of life. A review of various studies of families has concluded that warm, supportive, moderately strict family environments usually produce happy and well-behaved children; and that cold, rigid, and overly strict families tend to cause youngsters to become rebellious, resentful, and insecure.
3. How, then, do families and other socializing agents teach children how to behave? Two important ways are by sanctions (rewards and punishments) and by modeling.
4. Sanctions are consequences following a behaviour that influence whether the behaviour will be repeated. Positive sanctions mean that the behaviour is followed by something that is a reward. If a child asks a parent “May I have some gum please?” and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying “please” at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Negative sanctions (also known as punishments) mean that something bad happens after a behaviour occurs. When a child says “Give some gum” and the parent says “No gum until you learn to ask politely” and does not give the child the gum, the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way because he does not get what he wants.
5. Modeling refers to learning by watching the behaviour of others – especially parents – and copying that behaviour. Modeling influences both positive and negative behaviour. For example, children who are respectful to elderly people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people into trains and buses. On the other hand, children whose parents are alcoholics are more likely than other children to become alcoholics themselves.
Перевод:
2. Каждое общество пытается социализировать своих членов. Задача выполняется несколькими группами и институтами (называющихся социальными представителями). Семья, школа, а также сверстники являются наиболее важными социальными предствителями. Из них, семья является самой важной, особенно в течение первых нескольких лет жизни. Обзор различных исследований семей пришел к выводу, что теплой, поддерживающей, в меру строгой семье вырастают, как правило, счастливы и воспитанные дети; а в холодной, жесткой и слишком строгой семьи, как правило, молодые люди вырастают мятежными, обиженными, и опасными.
3. Санкции являются следующими последствиями поведения, которые влияют на то, будет ли данное поведение повторяться. Позитивные санкции означают то, что следуя данному поведению, ты получаешь награду. Если ребенок спрашивает родителей: “я могу пожевать жвачку, пожалуйста?” и родитель дает ребенку пожевать жвачку, ребенок узнает, что сказав “пожалуйста” в результате он получит то, что он просил. Негативные санкции (так же известные как наказание) означает, что произойдет что-то плохое, если допустить данное поведение. Когда ребенок говорит “Дай пожевать резинку” и родитель говорит “Не получишь жвачку, пока не научишься вежливо просить” и не дать ребенку, потом ребенок узнает, что это не хорошая идея, чтобы говорить именно так, потому что он не получает то, чего он хочет.
IX. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. How is socialization defined?
Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. For societies to exist, there must be some organized way of teaching the members who is expected of them and how they are to behave. Through socialization, the infant develops into a person like one of those described above.
2. What do socializing agents teach children?
Sanctions are consequences following a behaviour that influence whether the behaviour will be repeated. Positive sanctions mean that the behaviour is followed by something that is a reward. If a child asks a parent “May I have some gum please?” and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying “please” at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Negative sanctions (also known as punishments) mean that something bad happens after a behaviour occurs. When a child says “Give some gum” and the parent says “No gum until you learn to ask politely” and does not give the child the gum, the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way because he does not get what he wants.
3. How does modeling influence a child’s behaviour?
Modeling refers to learning by watching the behaviour of others – especially parents – and copying that behaviour. Modeling influences both positive and negative behaviour. For example, children who are respectful to elderly people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people into trains and buses. On the other hand, children whose parents are alcoholics are more likely than other children to become alcoholics themselves.
X. Подтвердите или опровергните следующую информацию,
1. The family is the most important socializing agent.
true
2. There is only one way of teaching children how to behave: sanctions.
false
3. Modeling affects both positive and negative behaviour.
true
