.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


The Present Perfect Tense Forms -




Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite (Simple) (Past Participle) .

.

I (You,We,They) have looked through the paper.

He (She) has looked through the paper.

.

not .

I (You,We,They) have not looked through the paper yet.

He (She) has not looked through the paper yet.

.

Present Perfect have , (Past Participle) - .

Have you (I,we,they) looked through the paper yet?

: Yes, I have. No, I haven't.

Has he (she) looked through the paper yet?

: Yes, he has. No, he hasn't. - , - , - . . , , . - : never -, ever - -, yet - , already - , lately (recently) - . since - , .
today - ; this week - ; this month - ; this year - .. never -; since - c...; ever - -; yet - ; already - ; lately (recently) - -, after - , .
I have interrogated the suspect. -. This month she has done such a great work. - . He has not seen his friend this week. .   He left in winter and he hasn't seen his brother since. .
Present Perfect - : to see, to hear, to be, to know Present Perfect Continuous. : Present Perfect . Present Perfect Future Perfect if - , when - , as soon as - , before - .
He has known me for 5 years. 5 . I have been here since 2 oclock. - .   I'll go to the Crimea after I have taken my exams. , -.
           

 

Present Perfect , , , .. . , - .

Present Perfect, Past Indefinite .

I have read many books by Dickens.

() .

I read many books by Dickens when I was a student.

, .

 

7. 7 (Modal Verbs).

, (), : , , .., :

I must go home now. Can you swim? May I sit down?

( ) be to , ( ) , ( , must to have to.)

The meeting is to begin at seven. .

What's to be done? ?

What am I to do? ?

Ann was to arrive on Saturday. .

 

Can, could, to be able to do something (, , ).

I can speak English a little. (. ) -.

Can I have breakfast in my room? ?

You can do it by phone. .

I couldn't sleep last night. .

He will be able to read English books after he graduates from the Institute.

.

May ( ).

May I have a word with you? ?

It may rain. , .

 

Must, to have to ( ).

You must do it at once. .

She must be at home now. , , .

In order to catch up with them he had to cross the river. , .

We shall have to go there. .

- May I take these papers? ()?

- Yes, you may.- No, you may not. - , . - , .

- Must I do it at once? ?

- Yes, you'd better.- No, you needn't. - , .- , . ( )

Could .

- Could you spell your name, please? ?

-

Should

should :

( ),

:

You should be careful. .

He shouldn't do things like that. .

What should I do now? ?

You shouldn't read this book, it's not worth reading. , .

2) :

They should be there by now, I think. (They are probably there.)

, . (, , .)

The film should be interesting. .

Ought to

ought to , :

You ought to help your brother. .

Such things ought not to be done. .

Need

need .

Need you go so soon? ?

You needn't do the whole exercise again. .

 

8. 8. - (Interrogative-Negative Sentenes) .

. , , :

Havent they heard the news? ?

Didnt you see him yesterday? ?

Doesnt he like jazz? ?

not, , : dont, doesnt, didnt, havent, hasnt, cant, mustnt.

Why dont you go there more often? ?

Why isnt she doing her homework? .

Why cant he send him a parcel? ?

 

9. (Attributive Clauses) 9.

what? ?, which? ( ).

, .

1. who , , whom . , , whose , , which , that , . who, whom , , , which , that .

In our office there are a lot of people who speak English well.

, -.

The student whose exercise-book I've shown you is doing very well.

, , .

The book (which) you have given me to read is very interesting. , , , .

I don't know the engineer about whom you're speaking about. , .

2. when , where . - , when , , - , where , , . , .

Ill always remember the time when we went to the Institute.

() , .

will not forget the city where he lived in his childhood.

, .

. , time . , , when. .

Every time I see him I forget to tell him about it. , , .

She thinks of his childhood every time he hears this song. , .

 

10. 10, (, , ).

 

11. ,

( 11), () - Disjunctive (Tail or Tag) Questions.

 

() , , , .

:

1. , 2.
- :

He is reading. ( ).

He is reading, isn't he? He isn't reading, is he? , ?

, - , .

, , to be , to have got (), .

The boy has got a nice toy, hasn't he? , ? (The boy hasn't a nice toy, has he?)
The book is on the table, isnt it? , ? (The book isnt on the table, is it?)

, , , , , , , - , , ( - ).

 

12. 12, :

Saying Requests and Orders Addressed to the First or Third Persons. , 1- 3- .

, 1- 3- , let , (me, us, them, him, her, it), , , - to:

Let Nick do it. .

Let us go home. It has stopped raining. . .

Let her answer the letter. .

 

13. 13 (Sequence of Tenses).

.

, .

. , Past Indefinite Past Continuous:

He said that they were fixing a car. , - .

I thought that they went there very often. , .

I didnt know you spoke English. , -.

. , Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous:

He was told that they had left. , .

We knew that they had been working in the garden since early morning. , .

I knew that she had been studying at the Institute for about three years. , .

, , .

. , .. , future-in-the-past ( ). shall should, will - would.

They knew that I should wait for them. , .

He said he would post the letter himself. , .

The man said he would go and consult his chief. , .

She made me promise I would tell nobody about it. , .

 

:

1. , :

The children learnt at the lesson that the Sun rotates around its axis. , .

must , - :

She said, We must hurry. : . She said we must hurry. , .

 

14-16. 14, 15 16 (Reported speech).

(Direct Speech) c (. ):

 

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite

I like music. He said he liked music.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Is it raining? He asked if it was raining.

Past Indefinite Past Perfect

He didn't recognize me. He said he hadn't recognized me.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

She has never been there. He said she had never been there.

Have you ever been there? He asked me if I had been there.

Past Perfect Past Perfect

We hadn't met him before that day. They said they hadn't met him.

shall / will should / would

They'll be late. I was afraid they'd be late.

can, may could, might

I can swim. He thought he could swim.

It may snow. They hoped it might snow.

would, could, might, ought to, would, could, might, ought to,

should should

You could / might be wrong. He thought I could / might be wrong.

must must / had to

He must go. He said he must go.

 

He said he had to go. , .

, , "to tell".

She said she was disappointed. , .

She told me she was disappointed. , .

 

) if whether, :

John asked his secretary, Has Mr. Brown come back? : ?

John asked his secretary, whether Mr. Brown had come back. , .

He asked me, Is your sister a doctor? : ?

He asked me if my sister was a doctor. , .

) :

The teacher asked the students, Who is on duty today? : ?

The teacher asked the students who was on duty that day. , .

She asked Bill, When did you finish school? : ?

She asked Bill when he had finished school. , .

 

c to. .

The teacher asked the student, Close the window, please. - : , , .

The teacher asked the student to close the window. .

Father told his son, Dont say such things again. : .

Father told his son not to say such things again. .

:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

this, these that, those

now then

today that day

yesterday the day before

the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next (following) day

the day after tomorrow in two days' time

next week/month/year the following (the next)

week/ month/year

last week/year the previous week/year, a week/year before

 

17. 17 (Passive Voice).

(Voice) - , , , , .

, , ( , ), - .

to be , .

 

 

Active Voice Passive Voice
He often invites me to his place. . He often invited me to his place. . He will invite me to his place. . I am often invited to his place. . I was often invited to his place. . I shall (will) be invited to his place. .  

 

Present, Past, Future Indefinite (Simple). Present Perfect, Future Perfect, Present Past Continuous. Future Continuous, a Perfect Continuous .

 

:

Present Indefinite Passive: I am (he, she - is) asked.

We (you, they) are asked.

Past Indefinite Passive: I (he, she) was asked.

We (you, they) were asked.

Future Indefinite Passive: I (we) shall be asked.

You (they, he, she) will be asked.

Present Perfect Passive: I (we, you, they) have been asked.

He (she) has been asked.

Past Perfect Passive: I (we, you, they, he, she) had been asked.

Future Perfect Passive: I (we) shall have been asked.

You (they, he, she) will have been asked.

Present Continuous Passive:

The problem is being discussed now. .

While a current is flowing through a wire the latter is being heated.

, .

Past Continuous Passive:

The problem was being discussed when we came. , .

Passive Voice , , . , .

18. 18 () (Continuous Tense Forms).
Present Continuous ( ) to be (Present Participle, ), -ing:

I am speaking. We (you, they) are speaking. He (she, it) is speaking.

to be :

Am I speaking? Are we (you, they) speaking? Is he (she, it) speaking?

to be not.

I am not speaking. We (you, they) are not speaking. He (she, it) is not speaking.

 

- , , . , . Present Continuous , : go, start, leave, come .
- now - ; at the present moment (just now) - . , - : tomorrow - ; from 2 to 3 after tomorrow - 2 3 .
I am reading a very important paper now, don't bother me. , . She is leaving in an hour. .
- if , when , as soon as , before . Present Indefinite. If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please. , , .
       

 

Past Continuous ( ) to be (Present Participle).

I (he, she, it) was speaking. We (you, they) were speaking.

to be . to be not:

Was I (he, she, it) speaking? Were we (you, they) speaking?

I (he, she, it) was not speaking. We (you, they) were not speaking.

Who was speaking? Was I speaking or reading?
You were speaking, weren't you? You were not speaking, were you?

 

 

-, -- , -- , , - . ( Past Simple) - (.. ) , ( )
- - -   at 2 o'-clock - 2 ; at that moment - . - - -, when - - - - , - while - , ; from... till - ... ; all day long - ; the whole week - .
What were you doing at 2 o'- clock yesterday? 2 ? He was interrogating a suspect when I entered the room. -, -. I was writing a record of in-terrogation while she was looking through his papers. - .   The detective was shadowing the criminal from 1 to 5 p.m. 1 5 .
           

 

Future Continuous ( ) - , to be (Present Participle - ):

I (we) shall be sleeping at this time tomorrow. ()

.

You (he, she, it, they) will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.

shall will .

shall will not:

Shall I (we) be sleeping? Yes, I (we) shall. (No, I shan't.) Will he (you, she, it, they) be sleeping? Yes, he will. (No, he won't.)

What shall we be doing? What will she be doing?

Shall I (we) be writing or reading?

Will you (he, she, it, they) be reading or writing?

I (we) shall be speaking, shan't I (we)?

You (he, she, it, they) will be speaking, won't you (he, she, it, they)?

, -, - - . , , , . Present Simple. (.. ).
- at 2 o'clock - 2 , from 3 to 4 oclock tomorrow - 2 3 .. -, - when - . , while - , , .
What will you be doing at 3 p.m. tomorrow? - 3 ?   Probably I shall be writing a report when he comes. , -, .   Ill be writing a record of interrogation while he will be looking through the newspapers. .
         

 

19. (The Degrees of Comparison of the Adjectives) 19.

(, (, , ..): big, small, red, heavy, et cetera) : (the Positive Degree), (the Comparative Degree) (the Superlative Degree).

- : wide, difficult, pleasant.

( ) ( ).

:

, -

, : big - bigger - the biggest, hot - hotter - the hottest.

: sweet - sweeter - the sweetest, cool - cooler - the coolest.

, "y" c , y i: easy - easier - the easiest, happy - happier - the happiest.

y , : gay - gayer - the gayest.

, , : large - larger - the largest, white - whiter - the whitest.

4. strong, young long : long - longer - the longest, strong - stronger - the strongest; young - younger - the youngest.

, -er, -re, [r]: clear - clearer - clearest, pure - purer - the purest.

:

1) ;

, -y, -er, -le, -ow:

happy - happier - the happiest, clever - cleverer - the cleverest; simple - simpler - the simplest, narrow - narrower - the narrowest.

more (the) most .

c

useful more useful the most useful

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

:

( ) :
rational - more rational - the most rational;

, -y, -er, -le, -ow : careless - more careless - the most careless, useful - more useful - the most useful.

, (.. -ing, -ed): pleased - more pleased - the most pleased; loving - more loving - the most loving.

:

.

good - better - the best -

bad - worse - the worst -

little - less - the least

far - farther - the farthest -

 

20-22. 20, 21, 22 , .

 

23-24. 23 24 .

 





:


: 2016-12-18; !; : 257 |


:

:

, , . , .
==> ...

1819 - | 1672 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.151 .