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- ;
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- , 1922 .;
- ;
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12
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XIXII . ' 15 , , , , .
:
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2) XI . ( , , , ; , ' ; );
3) ' ' IX ., XII .;
4) ( , , );
5) ( XI . ; , 1204 p., ³ , ).
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2) 1 1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F"10 (23 ) 1917
쳿 0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F";
;
( );
, ;
, , , .
2 3_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F"3 (16 ) 1917
, . , ' 쳿 ;
.
3 7 (20 ) 1917
, ;
;
;
0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0"ͳ ;
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8 ;
;
.
.
'.
4 9 (1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F"22 ) 1918
, ;
;
, , , ;
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;
3) - ³ - . 1946 . ' . - ³ 1950 . , , . 88 % .
- ѳ 7 % . . , , .
- ͳ (, ), , , , .
- ³ . , 120 , 26 .
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13
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(1199-1205 .). ϳ 19 1205 .
2) , 1762 . , , , , .
1764 . . , . . . 1764 . -. 1794 . . 15 1803 . , .
˳ , 4 4 . 㳿 - . . , , 쳿 , , .
쳿. 1762 . . 1765 . , . , 5 . . - , 5 , . 1780 . 15 . 1796 . - , .
3) ("") :
1. , .
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2. ( ) .
3. , [ 1920 . () 19%, 80% , 11% , 2%].
4. , .
5. , "- 쳿" .
:
1. . [ 1923 . . , , . 1925 . ' . 1927 . ].
2. . , 1923 . 2535%, 1927 . 5254%. . -, , -, .
3. "" . , . 1930 . . 1927 . 97% . ( 1990 . 47,9%). .
4. г ( 1933 . 89% ).
14
1) , . , - . 5-6 .. ϳ , , 10-11 . . , 쳺 , , . ̳ , . , ', , ˳, . - .
2) ղ . . , . , . , .
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15
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. ϳ , , . (0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC", 0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" ), .
1246 0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" , . .
1264 0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC", 0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_(%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC)" , . ˳, , 0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD".
- . , .
- , , . . . ϳ 0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" , 0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" .
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2) 1905-1907pp. (- 1905). 1905-1907 pp. - .
: , XX . ' ; ; , ; ' 糿 ' ; ; .
. 䳿 9 1905 . ( ). HYPERLINK "http://histua.com/slovnik/d/demonstraciya" , , . 200 .
. 䳿 . , , 2-oleksvna", , , , . : 8- ; , ; ; . , , , , , 곺 , , .
. : , , , . : , 1861 p., . , , ', , . 1905 .
. - , : , - ; ; ; 쳿; , ; ( , , ); - .
3) ́ (0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0". ) , 0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" 19851991 . 1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, 0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" () . , , 0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0", 0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87". . 1%82%D1%96"1980- 0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" 0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%27%D1%94%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" '.
ҹ 16
1) - - - ³ (1648 - 1764). - , , , , , , .
. - : , , - , , , , , , .
2) 1709 . ˳ . 14 . . , 17 1709 . -163.htm". -050.htm" , . , - , . . 쳿 ˳ .
- , I 0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0" 0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" HYPERLINK "http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII"XII, 0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F"17 1709 , 0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" , , . 0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0", 1_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE"1 1708 .
, -:
;
, 0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD", ;
쳿 .
0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" ⳿.
3) ́-́ , - 0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" 0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" 0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A0" () 19171921 , - 0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" . 0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" . 0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2" (0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A0") 0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" 0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" (1919 0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4" ) 0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2". . , 0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" 0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A0" 0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" 1922 . - .
17
1) ́ ́ 0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" 볿HYPERLINK "http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" 0%A0%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" 0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" ' 0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" HYPERLINK "http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" 1596 . 0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" , 0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" 0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%27%D1%8F" . 0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" (0 % 9 B%D 0 %B 0 %D 1 %82%D 0 %B 8 %D 0 %BD%D 1 %81%D 1 % 8 C%D 0 %BA%D 0 %B 0 _%D 0 %BC%D 0 %BE%D 0 %B 2 %D 0 %B 0 ". unio ) 0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F" 1596 .
' 1054 . ;
, , ;
;
0%84%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" , , 0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0";
0%84%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" 0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85", 0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0";
0%84%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF", 0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" 0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" 0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D1%96".
2) . . - - - , . . ; - . ( - - ); - . . , - .
䳺 ( , , , ). .
, , 8- 12-; , .
- ³ - - 1918 . , . .
쳿, 300 . . .
, , .
. , ,: . ϳ , , ,.
4. - . . - . :
- , 1918 . 150;
- ' , ;
- , - '-;
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24 1918 . , . , . , . , . . . . , , , , . , . , , .
5. . . . :
- ͳ, ;
- ; 30 , a 10 ; 23 ;
- (12 1918 .);
- -, () ;
- , , .
, , .
3) ϳ 1964 . . .. 20- : , , , , .
19651985 . , . ̳ ., , .
1965 . . .
() : 40 90% .
ҹ18
1) ˲ (1 10 8 ) , , .
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. , , ˳ (16681672 pp.). .
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. . , , , , . . 1673 . 11. . ³ , , . , .
1674 . . . . .
, . 1674 . , - ˳. - 쳿 . ˳ . . , .
ϳ - 䳿 . 1674 . . , , . .
, . . . , , , , . ϳ . 1676 p., . , . , . , . . . - . , . ˳, 쳿 . . ³ , , , , 6570 % , , .
- XVII ., , . ³ , , ˳ () 쳿 80- pp. XVIII ., , , , , ( , ).
3) :
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.
.
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1942 . , , . 1941 . . , . , .
1942 . 1942 . , ' 35 . . . , . , . , . , . .
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, XVII XVIII .
:
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, .
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.
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;
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2) ( 0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" 0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" 0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" , ) - 19181921 0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" 0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" .
() ( 1 1919 ) - , 0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82",0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8", 0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96", 0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" .
0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" 0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" ³ . 0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" ( , )0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" . 0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F".
3) ́ ́ 0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F"-0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0", 0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" 0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F"26 1986 , 0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" ( 0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" ). , 0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" . ³ 3000%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B8"ճHYPERLINK "http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0"[1]. , 䳿 0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" , , , .
ҹ20
2) , , . 1660- ˳, .
ϳ . (16631665). 1663 . ⳿: ˳ ' , . 1664 . - . 䳿 , . -, - ˳. -, ѳ . -, , , .
1663 . ͳ ,