, , . , . , , ( ). . .
. (7.1).
(6.34), (6.35), ,
. (7.2).
(7.2) β , α . β α . (7.2), , β α
. (7.3).
(7.3) ,
. (7.4).
, (7.4) +. β, ,
. (7.5).
, β () . (7.3) α,
. (7.6)
, , (7.3) , β α , . .
. (7.7).
( ) -jkz (6.34), (6.35). , (7.7),
. (7.8)
( 6) z z. (7.8), - .
. (7.9).
(7.9) β (7.5), α (7.6), .
(7.1) , .
, (7.10)
.
(7.9), (7.10) (6.34), (6.35), , z ,
|
|
; (7.11)
. (7.12)
σ φ , . , . , , . σ = 0 , (σ ≠ 0), .
, (7.11) , , , (7.12) .
, (7.13)
. (7.14)
z, , (). . 7.1 t z = z 0, . 7.2 z t = t 0.
. 7.1.
. 7.2.
,
(7.15)
( = 0) . (7.15) , . , V : .
(7.16)
.
α (7.6) , , , 1/. z (). , .
. (7.17).
(7.17) (/)
.
(/), (7.17)
.
ln 10=2,303, lg e=0,4343, 1 = 8,686 1 =0,1151 . ( ). l (), () :
.
, = 2,718 , Δ = (Δ ).
|
|
. , (7.11), (7.12) :
. (7.18)
, , ,
(7.19)
, . , , . z
. (7.20)
≠ 0 . , . , , , , .
(4.65)
. (7.21)
(7.21) . , = 0 , ( .) , . . , , , , , .
: ().