.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, .




, , . , . , , ( ). . .

. (7.1).

(6.34), (6.35), ,

. (7.2).

(7.2) β , α . β α . (7.2), , β α

. (7.3).

(7.3) ,

. (7.4).

, (7.4) +. β, ,

. (7.5).

, β () . (7.3) α,

. (7.6)

, , (7.3) , β α , . .

. (7.7).

( ) -jkz (6.34), (6.35). , (7.7),

. (7.8)

( 6) z z. (7.8), - .

. (7.9).

(7.9) β (7.5), α (7.6), .

(7.1) , .

, (7.10)

.

(7.9), (7.10) (6.34), (6.35), , z ,

; (7.11)

. (7.12)

σ φ , . , . , , . σ = 0 , (σ ≠ 0), .

, (7.11) , , , (7.12) .

, (7.13)

. (7.14)

z, , (). . 7.1 t z = z 0, . 7.2 z t = t 0.

. 7.1.

. 7.2.

,

(7.15)

( = 0) . (7.15) , . , V : .

(7.16)

.

α (7.6) , , , 1/. z (). , .

. (7.17).

(7.17) (/)

.

(/), (7.17)

.

ln 10=2,303, lg e=0,4343, 1 = 8,686 1 =0,1151 . ( ). l (), () :

.

, = 2,718 , Δ = (Δ ).

. , (7.11), (7.12) :

. (7.18)

, , ,

(7.19)

, . , , . z

. (7.20)

≠ 0 . , . , , , , .

(4.65)

. (7.21)

(7.21) . , = 0 , ( .) , . . , , , , , .

: ().

 





:


: 2016-12-06; !; : 2307 |


:

:

.
==> ...

1971 - | 1729 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.015 .