- , . :
+ = + +
:
+ + = 2,
- .
.
(acidus metreo ) , , , , (l, 2SO4). , (NaHCO3, (NH4)2CO3) , , , , .
( alcali metreo ) , , (NaOH, KOH).
, , , , , , , , , .
1
()
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
NaOH = (/)
H SO = (/)
NaOH/H SO =
:
NaOH;
;
H2SO4
:
25,00 3 ()
10,00 3 ()
50,00 3 ()
.
1. (50,00 3) .
2. , , . .
3. , NaOH.
4. .
5. 2 , NaO, .
6. 0,1 3. , .
|
|
H2SO4 .
, (V), 3 | V. 3 | NNaOH /3 | NaOH/H2SO4 /3 | H2SO4 (Q) , | |
QH2SO4 = TNaOH/H2SO4 ∙ VNaOH ∙ 50/10 QH2SO4 = |
,
nNaOH = nH SO , n
nNaOH = NNaOH ∙ VNaOH nH SO =
NNaOH ∙ VNaOH =
qH SO =
QH SO ! . = qH ! . SO ∙
2
, . , , .
, , (3) 100 3 , .
21 0. . 3624-67 ( ) .
:
NaOH;
;
2,5% -
:
25 3
10 3 20 3
150 3
1. (). , , 10 3 , 20 3 1 3 2,5% - .
2. NaOH, .
3. 10 3 , 20 3 .
4. NaOH - , .
5. NaOH, , 0,1 3, .
() .
= V∙K∙10,
V NaOH, , 3;
0,1 . ;
10 100 3 .
.
()
() , (.. ) . .
|
|
(, , ..). .
( ) - . (, II, ) (, III, ).
Na OOCH2C CH2COOH
NCH2CH2N
H OOCH2C CH2COONa
() , , , .
Na OOCH2C CH2COOH
NCH2CH2N + CaCl2 D 2HCl +
H OOCH2C CH2COONa
NaOOCH2C CH2COO
+ NCH2CH2N
OOCH2C CH2COONa
Ca
H4Y, H3Y, H2Y2, HY3, Y4.
Na2H2Y + CaCl2 D 2HCl + Na2CaY
H2Y2 + Ca2+ D 2H+ + CaY2
, .
, , , 1:1 , .
, :Ind = 1:1. . . eInd HInd. , , .
, 2+, Mg2+ .
3
. .
, , :
a(HCO3)2 CaCO3↓ + CO2↑ + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3↓ + CO2↑ + H2O
.
. , - .
.
- 2+ Mg2+ 1 3 .
- ( HCl ). , .
|
|
:
III;
;
(0,1%- NaCl)
:
50,00 3
25,00 3
1. (50,00 3) .
2. 5 , ( ).
3. III, .
4. , III - .
5. , , .
6. .
:
Me2+ + HInd2 = MeInd + H+
- - ;
, , () ( Y4).
Me2+ + Y4 = MeY2,
;
.. MeInd, Ind
MeInd3 + Y4 = MeY2 + Ind3
- | |||||
- , 3 | V. 3 | N /3 | , -. Ca2+, Mg2+ 1 2 | ||
.. = = |
1. ?
2. ?
3. - ?
4. , ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. .
- ()
-, (, ) . - . - , , -
Red1 + Ox2 = Ox1 + Red2
(-) 2/Red2 , . , - , .
. , : ( KBrO3), (Br2), (K2Cr2O7), (KJO3), (J2), (KJ, Na2S2O3), (NaNO2), (KMnO4) ..
|
|
, - :
;
- ;
, .
(), KMnO4
KMnO4 . MnO :
- MnO + 8H+ + 5ē = Mn2+ + 4H2O,
KMnO4
1/5 = 1/5 158,04 = 31,608 (/).
,
MnO + 2H2O + 3ē = MnO2 + 4OH,
KMnO4 1/3 = 158,04 = 52,68 (/);
MnO + ē = MnO ,
KMnO4 158,04 /.
() , .. - - MnO2.
, KMnO4 - . .
4