1 ( . I)
1. Many have been the victims of racial discrimination.
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have been - Present Perfect Active to be.
2. All the factories, mills, workshops and docks are concentrated in the East End.
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are concentrated Present Simple Passive to concentrate
2 ( . Ii)
1. Buckingham Palace was built in 1703 for Duke of Buckingham.
1703 .
built Participle II, Past Simple Passive to build.
2. The statue of Nelson itself, placed towards the sea, measures 17 feet (more than 5m) in height.
, , 17 ( 5 ) .
placed Participle II .
3. When visiting the English Court in about the 14-th century, the royalty and nobility of Scotland stayed at the place now called Scotland Yard.
14 .
(when) visiting Participle I,
called Participle II
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1. ; - - . . ) (. 1).
a) 1. Britain in the 1980s and early 1990s, had a large road building programme.
2. It is not surprising that the car is becoming increasingly popular.
) 1. Trams were first used in London in 1861, but they were all replaced by bus after 1945.
2. Britain, because it is an island, has always been forced to have good trading relations with other countries.
2. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. (. 2).
1) Being the busiest stretches of water in the world, the English Channel is the busiest passenger terminal in Europe.
2) Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned in Westminster Abbey.
3) The Houses of Parliament constitute perhaps the most popular and widely spread image of London, known and recognized throughout the whole world.
4) When the great bell was cast in London foundry in 1858, the question of its name was discussed in Parliament.
3. ; . .
1) Some students borrow money from the bank which must be paid back after they leave university.
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2) In Britain you can learn to drive a car by taking lesson with an instructor or any experienced driver.
3) British films have to use American actors to appeal to the American cinema-going audience.
4) The Houses of Parliament can be visited by the public.
4. 1 4 . 3 4 .
THE LONDON UNDERGROUND
1. The first underground railway system in the world was in London. It was opened in 1863 and ran 4 miles (6,5 kilometers) from the west of London to the City in the east. The first lines were built close to the surface and used steam trains. They then built deeper tunnels and the electric underground railway was opened in 1890. This system was called the Tube, still the most popular name for the London Underground. Some of the tube stations are so deep that they were used as air-raid shelters during the Second World War, when hundreds of families would spend the night in the stations.
2. One million people commute into central London every day. Sixty percent of these people use the Tube, mainly because the Underground system extends far into the surburbs: the Northern Line, running from north to south, covers 18 miles (28 kilometers); the Piccadilly Line, running from east to west is 47 miles (76 kilometers) long.
3. Buses in London are not as popular as the Tube because they get stuck in traffic. One of the most popular forms of urban transport in Britain used to be the tram. The most environmentally friendly vehicle is a bicycle. London taxis drive round the centre of the city looking for a customer. Taxis are often called cab.
4. Traditional taxi-drivers or cabbies, are proud of the knowledge of London. They have to know every street in the 113 square miles of central London and spend up to four years learning the best routes. To get their licence, they have to pass a series of tests, known as The Knowledge, until they are absolutely accurate in their answers. Because of this long training period, cabbies are often angry that people can drive minicabs without a licence. Minicabs look like normal cars, do not have meters and cannot pick up people in the street: people have to phone for one.
5. 4- . , :
What is the Knowledge?
1) the long training period.
2) a licence.
3) a series of tests.
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1. ; - - . . ) (. 1).
a) 1. Even today Tower Bridge regulates a large part of impressive traffic of the Port of London.
2. Since then the Tower has served as fortress, palace, state prison and royal treasury, now it is a museum.
) 1. Many great men, including Christopher Wren himself, Nelson and others are buried in St. Pauls Cathedral.
2. For an Englishman, the best of all reasons for doing something in a certain way is that it has always been done in that way.
2. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. (. 2).
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1) The first London Underground map was introduced in 1908.
2) English people rarely shake hands except when being introduced to someone for the first time.
3) The working people of Britain have had a long tradition of democracy.
4) The majority of the British population live in small houses built close together.
3. ; . .
1) What role can museums and art galleries play in the upbringing of children?
2) You have to be seventeen before you can drive a car.
3) We may say that the East End is the hands of London.
4) One must be very careful using the word subway in London.
4. 1 4 . 4 5 .
TRAINS
1. Many people in Britain live in a long way from their work. They often travel by train from the suburbs into the town centre to work. These people are commuters. Some people travel more than 200 miles every day and spend up to two hours going to work and two hours going home.
2. Train tickets may appear to be expensive, but this form of transport is a fast and environmentally friendly alternative to using a car. On some trains, there are study clubs which offer language lessons to commuters on their way to and from work.
3. The organization of the railway system in Britain has changed recently. For many years the railway was run 1 by a public company, British Rail. In 1944, this company was split into two parts: Railtrack, which owns the track and the stations, and several private companies, which operate the trains.
4. Some people are worried about the change. They believe that private companies will only run one or two trains a day to small country villages or that they will close village stations.
5. In 1994, Waterloo International Station was opened. If you travel by train direct from Paris or Brussels to London, you arrive at this station. The station, designed by Nicholas Grimshaw, has won many architectural awards.
6. Train spotters2 are fans of trains. You can see train spotters at many train stations. They stand at the end of the platform and spend hours writing down the numbers of the trains. Serious train spotters travel thousands of miles by train trying to collect the number of every train in Britain. Some train spotters prefer the old fashioned steam trains.
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1. .
2. .
6. 6- . , :
What are train spotters?
1) People supporting the development of railway system in Britain.
2) Train spotters are fans of trains.
3) People preferring the old fashioned steam trains only.
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1. ; - - . . ) (. 1).
a) 1. The singing of the Latin hymn has gone on for more than 350 years.
2. Cambridge university is like a federation of colleges.
) 1. University is seen as a time to be independent.
2. If, for instance, any one leaves a cat to starve in an empty house while he goes for his holiday, he can be sent to prison.
2. ; Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. (. 2).
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1) The lawns are closely cropped, their flower beds primly cultivated, and their trees neatly pruned.
2) The London buses first came into the streets in 1829 and they were horse-drawn omnibuses, with three horses.
3) The sign of the London underground - a red circle crossed with a blue stripe can be seen on the buildings or just under a staircase leading straight under the ground.
4) When running along London streets omnibuses manage to maneuver very well without running into one another.
3. ; . .
1) In London one can see many buses, cars and taxes in the streets.
2) Youll have to find the bus stop yourself and remember to look for the number of the bus on the post at the bus stop.
3) You must remember the number of the bus, because in busy street there may be four or five bus stops close together.
4) Double-deckers (omnibuses) have seats for 65 people and only 5 people are allowed to stand when the seats are full.
4. 1 5 . 3 4 .
