1-2 . 1-2 H2SO4 (2), - 98% H2SO4 ( ), HNO3 (2). ? .
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Zn + H2SO4 . ZnSO4 + S + H2O
Zn + HNO3 . Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
Zn + HNO3 . Zn(NO3)2 + N2 + H2O
6.
1-2 2-3 NaOH. . ? .
Zn + NaOH + H2O Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2
7.
5-6 , NaOH (2). . . H2SO4 (2) , - NaOH (2). .
ZnCl2 + NaOH Zn(OH)2 + NaCl
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O
Zn(OH)2 + NaOH Na2[Zn(OH)4]
8.
2-3 1-2 NH4OH (2) . NH4OH (2) . ? NH4OH.
ZnCl2 + NH4OH Zn(OH)2 + NH4Cl
Zn(OH)2 + NH4OH [Zn(NH3)6](OH)2
1. : ) Cu; ) Ag ) Zn. .
2. (, , , ) : ) Cu+2; ) Ag+1, ) Zn+2. .
3. :
Cu + H2SO4 (.) | Ag + HCl |
Cu + HNO3 (.) | Cu + HNO3 (.) |
Cu + H2SO4 (.) + H2O2 | AgNO3 + NaOH |
CuSO4 + KI | CuSO4 + *NaOH |
Cu(OH)2 | Cu(NO3)2 |
CuSO4 + NH3´H2O | AgCl + NH3´H2O |
4. :
Zn + NaOH + H2O | Zn + H2SO4 (.) |
ZnO + NaOH | Zn(NO3)2 |
ZnCl2 + NaOH () | Na2[Zn(OH)4] + HCl (.) |
Zn(OH)2 + NH3´H2O | Zn(OH)2 + NaOH |
5. :
a) Cu Cu(NO3)2 CuO CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 CuO Cu
) Zn Na2[Zn(OH)4] ZnSO4 ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 ZnCl2 Zn
) Cu CuSO4 [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 CuSO4 CuI
) Ag AgNO3 AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl AgCl Ag2S
) Cu CuCl2 ZnCl2 Na2[Zn(OH)4] ZnSO4 Zn(NO3)2
Zn
6. 27,1% uSO4×5H2O. CuSO4?
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7. (..) 130 ?
8. ,
Zn2+ + 2e = Zn0 | o = - 0,76 |
ZnO22- + 2H2O + 2e = Zn0 + 4OH- | o = - 1,26 |
9. (II) , . 25,6 . , 80,24% (II), 146 w=0,10 r=1,05 /. .
10. (II) 61,26 . , , , 62,8 . , .
11. 12,8 . . , . 4 . .
12. . 5,6 (..). , . , . 1,875 . .
1. 25.
= - lg K | ||
NH3×H2O | 1,8×10-5 | 4,75 |
HNO2 | 4,0.10-4 | 3,40 |
H2Cr2O7 | K2 2,3.10-2 | 1,64 |
H2SiO3 | K1 2,2.10-10 K2 1,6.10-12 | 9,66 11,80 |
HCOOH | 1,77×10-4 | 3,75 |
H2SO4 | K2 1,2.10-2 | 1,92 |
H2SO3 | K1 1,6×10-2 K2 6,3×10-8 | 1,80 7,21 |
H2S | K1 6,0×10-8 K2 1,0×10-14 | 7,22 14,0 |
H2CO3 | K1 4,5×10-7 K2 4,7×10-11 | 6,35 10,33 |
CH3COOH | 1,8×10-5 | 4,75 |
() H3PO4 | K1 7,5×10-3 K2 6,3×10-8 K3 1,3×10-12 | 2,12 7,20 11,89 |
HF | 6,6.10-4 | 3,18 |
HclO | 5,0.10-8 | 7,30 |
H2CrO4 | K1 1.10 K2 3,2.10-7 | -1 6,5 |
HCN | 7,9×10-10 | 9,10 |
H2C2O4 | K1 5,4.10-2 K2 5,4.10-5 | 1,27 4,27 |
65 | 1,0.10-10 | 10,00 |
2. 25.
(KS) | (KS) | ||
AgBr | 6,3×10-13 | CdS | 7,9×10-27 |
AgBrO3 | 5,5.10-5 | CoS (18oC) | 2,0.10-27 |
AgCl | 1,56×10-10 | Cu(OH)2 | 5,6.10-20 |
Ag2CrO4 | 1,1×10-12 | CuS | 4,0×10-38 |
AgI | 1,5×10-16 | Fe(OH)2 | 8,0×10-16 |
Ag2SO4 | 7,7.10-5 | Fe(OH)3 (18oC) | 3,8×10-38 |
Ag2S | 5,7.10-51 | FeS | 3,7.10-19 |
Al(OH)3 | 1,9×10-33 | Mg(OH)2 | 5,5×10-12 |
BaCO3 | 7,0×10-9 | MnS | 2,5×10-10 |
BaCrO4 | 2,3.10-10 | NiS (18oC) | 2,0.10-28 |
BaC2O4 | 1,2×10-7 | PbCl2 | 2,4×10-5 |
Ba3(PO4)2 | 6,0.10-39 | PbI2 | 8,7.10-9 |
BaSO4 | 1,08×10-10 | PbS (18oC) | 1,1.10-29 |
CaCO3 | 4,8×10-9 | PbSO4 | 2,2×10-8 |
CaC2O4 | 2,6×10-9 | SrCO3 | 1,1×10-10 |
CaF2 | 4,0.10-11 | SrSO4 | 2,3×10-7 |
Ca3(PO4)2 | 1,0.10-29 | Zn(OH)2 (20oC) | 4,0.10-16 |
CaSO4 | 6,1×10-5 | ZnS | 1,6×10-24 |
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3.
25
1 | 2 | +3 | 1 | +2 | 3 | |||||||
0,001 | 0,98 | 0,78 | 0,73 | 0,1 | 0,81 | 0,44 | 0,16 | |||||
0,002 | 0,97 | 0,74 | 0,66 | 0,2 | 0,80 | 0,41 | 0,14 | |||||
0,005 | 0,95 | 0,66 | 0,55 | 0,3 | 0,81 | 0,42 | 0,14 | |||||
0,010 | 0,92 | 0,60 | 0,47 | 0,4 | 0,82 | 0,46 | 0,17 | |||||
0,020 | 0,90 | 0,53 | 0,37 | 0,5 | 0,84 | 0,50 | 0,21 | |||||
0,050 | 0,84 | 0,50 | 0,21 | |||||||||
4. 25.
[Ag(NH3)2]+ DAg+ + 2NH3 | 5,89×10-8 | 7,23 |
[Ag(NO2)2]- D Ag+ + 2NO2- | 1,3×10-3 | 2,89 |
[Ag(S2O3)2]3- D Ag+ + 2S2O32- | 2,5×10-14 | 13,60 |
[Ag(CN)2]- D Ag+ + 2CN- | 1,4×10-20 | 19,85 |
[AgI2]- D Ag+ + 2I- | 5,5.10-12 | 11,74 |
[Al(OH)4(H2O)2]- D Al3+ + 2OH- + 2H2O | 1,0.10-33 | 33,0 |
[AlF6]3- D Al3+ + 6F- | 5,01.10-18 | 17,30 |
[AuCl4]- D Au3+ + 4Cl- | 5,0.10-22 | 21,30 |
[Be(OH)4]2- D Be2+ + 4OH- | 1,0.10-15 | 15,0 |
[BeF4]2- D Be2+ + 4F- | 4,17 .10-17 | 16,30 |
[Ca]2- D Ca2+ + | 2,57.10-11 | 10,59 |
[Cd(CN)4]2- D Cd2+ + 4CN- | 7,76.10-18 | 17,11 |
[Cd(En)2]2+ D Cd2+ + 2En | 6,0.10-11 | 10,22 |
[Cd(NH3)6]2+ D Cd2+ + 6NH3 | 2,76.10-5 | 4,56 |
[Co(C2O4)3]3- D Co3+ + C2O42- | 5,0.10-12 | 11,30 |
[Co(En)3]3+ D Co3+ + 3En | 2,04.10-49 | 48,69 |
[Co(NH3)6]2+ D Co2+ + 6NH3 | 4,07.10-5 | 4,39 |
[Co(NH3)6]3+ D Co3+ + 6NH3 | 6,15.10-36 | 35,21 |
[Co(NO2)6]3- D Co3+ + 6NO2- | 1,0.10-22 | 22,0 |
[Co(SCN)4]2- D Co2+ + 4SCN- | 5,50.10-3 | 2,26 |
[Co]2- D Co2+ + | 4,90.10-17 | 16,31 |
[Co]3- D Co3+ + | 2,51.10-41 | 40,60 |
[Cr(OH)4]- D Cr3+ + 4OH- | 1,26.10-30 | 29,90 |
[Cr]3- D Cr3+ + | 3,98.10-24 | 23,40 |
[Cu(CN)2]- D Cu+ + 2CN- | 1,0.10-24 | 24,00 |
[Cu(CN)4]3- D Cu+ + 4CN- | 5,13.10-31 | 30,29 |
[Cu(H2O)2Br2]o D Cu2+ + 2Br - + 2H2O | 2,22.10-6 | 5,75 |
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ D Cu2+ + 4NH3 | 9,33.10-13 | 12,03 |
4.
[Fe(CN)6]4- D Fe2+ + 6CN- | 1,4×10-37 | 36,84 |
[Fe(CN)6]3- D Fe3+ + 6CN- | 1,5×10-44 | 43,82 |
[Fe(SCN)3] D Fe3+ + 3SCN- | 2,9×10-5 | 4,54 |
[FeCl3] D Fe3+ + 3Cl- | 7,4×10-2 | 1,13 |
[FeF6]3- D Fe3+ +6F- | 7,94×10-17 | 16,10 |
[Fe]2- D Fe2+ + | 6,31.10-15 | 14,20 |
[Fe]3- D Fe3+ + | 5,89.10-25 | 24,23 |
[HgBr4]2- D Hg2+ + 4Br- | 1,0×10-21 | 21,0 |
[HgI4]2- D Hg2+ + 4I- | 1,4×10-30 | 29,85 |
[Hg(CN)4]2- D Hg2+ + 4CN- | 4,0×10-42 | 41,40 |
[Hg(SCN)4]2- D Hg2+ + 4SCN- | 8,0×10-22 | 21,10 |
[Mg]2- D Mg2+ + | 7,59.10-10 | 9,12 |
[NH4]+ D NH3 + H+ | 6,0.10-10 | 9,22 |
[Ni(En)3]2+ D Ni2+ + 3En | 7,76.10-20 | 19,11 |
[Ni(NH3)4]2+ D Ni2+ + 4NH3 | 1,12.10-8 | 7,95 |
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ D Ni2+ + 6NH3 | 9,77.10-9 | 8,01 |
[Ni]2- D Ni2+ + | 2,40.10-19 | 18,62 |
[PtBr4]2- D Pt2+ + 4Br- | 3,0.10-21 | 20,52 |
[PtCl4]2- D Pt2+ + 4Cl- | 1,0.10-16 | 16,00 |
[SnCl6]4- D Sn2+ + 6Cl- | 5,1×10-11 | 10,29 |
[Zn(CN)4]2- D Zn2+ + 4CN- | 6,3×10-18 | 17,20 |
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ D Zn2+ + 4NH3 | 2,0.10-9 | 8,70 |
[Zn(OH)4]2- D Zn2+ + 4OH- | 3,6.10-16 | 15,44 |
[Zn]2- D Zn2+ + | 5,50.10-17 | 16,26 |
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5. () .
Eo, B | ||
Al | Al3+ + 3e = Al | -1,66 |
Bi | i + 6H ++2e = Bi+ +H2O | +1,80 |
i(OH)3 + 3e = Bi + OH- - | - 0,46 | |
Br2 + 2e = 2Br - | +1,09 | |
3- + 6H+ + 6 = - +2O | +1,45 | |
CI | CI2 +2 = 2CI- | +1,36 |
ClO4- +8H+ + 8 = Cl - + 42O | +1,38 | |
Cr3+ + 3e = Cr | - 0,74 | |
Cr2O72- +14H+ + 6 = 2Cr++7H2O | +1,33 | |
CrO42- + 4H2O +3 =[r()4]- +4O- | -0,13 | |
u | u2+ + 2 = u | +0,34 |
u2+ + = u+ | +0,15 | |
Cu2+ + I- + = uI¯ | +0,86 | |
F | F2+2e = 2F- | +2,87 |
Fe | Fe2+ + 2e = Fe | -0,44 |
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+ | +0,77 | |
F()+ =Fe(OH)2+OH- | -0,56 | |
2H+ + 2e = 2 | 0,00 | |
22O +2 = 2 + 2O- | -0,83 | |
I | I2 + 2 = 2I- | +0,54 |
2IO3- +12H+ +10 = I2 + 62O | +1,19 | |
2IO3- + 6H+ +6 = I- + 32O | +1,08 | |
2IO3- +3H2O + 6 = I- + 6OH- | +0,26 | |
n | Mn2+ + 2e = Mn | -1,18 |
nO4- + = nO42- | +0,56 | |
nO4- + 22O +3 = nO2 + 4OH- | +0,60 | |
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e = nO2+4H2O | +1,69 | |
MnO4- +8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O | +1,51 |
5.
Mn | MnO2 +4H+ + 2e = Mn2+ + 2H2O | +1,23 |
N | N- + + + 2 = HNO2 +H2O | +0,94 |
N- + 2+ + = NO2 +H2O | +0,80 | |
N- + 2O + 2 = NO2- + 2OH- | +0,01 | |
N- + 4+ + 3 = NO +H2O | +0,96 | |
NO-+ 10H++8 = NH4++ 3H2O | +0,67 | |
HNO2 + H+ = NO + H2O | +1,00 | |
2O2 +2++2 = 22 | +1,77 | |
2O2 +2 = 2O- | +0,88 | |
O2 +2H++2e = 2O2 | +0,68 | |
O2 +22O +2 = 2O2 +2O- | -0,08 | |
Pb | Pb2+ + 2e = Pb | -0,13 |
Pb4+ + 2e = Pb2+ | +1,80 | |
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e = Pb2+ + 2H2O | +1,46 | |
S | S + 2e = S2- | -0,48 |
S + 2H+ + 2e = H2S | +0,14 | |
SO42- + 4H+ + 2e = 2SO3 + 2O | +0,17 | |
SO42- + 2O + 2e = SO32- + OH- | -0,93 | |
SO42- + 8H+ + 6e = S + 42O | +0,36 | |
S4O62- + 2e = 2S2O32- | +0,10 | |
S2O82- + 2e = 2SO42- | +2,01 | |
Sn | Sn2++2e = Sn | -0,14 |
Sn4++2e = Sn2+ | +0,15 | |
[Sn(OH)6]2- +2e = HSnO2- + 3OH-+ H2O | -0,90 | |
Zn | Zn2+ + 2e = Zn | -0,76 |
ZnO22- + 2H2O + 2e = Zn + 4OH- | -1,22 |
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1. | |
2. ... | |
1. ..... | |
2. ..... | |
3. ................. | |
4. - . ..... | |
5. - | |
6. . . ............ | |
7. - ... | |
8. ....... | |
9. IA- IIIA | |
10. IVA VA ......... | |
11. VIA VIIA ....... | |
12. VI - VIII . , , ............. | |
13. | |
14. I II . , . | |
................ |