() , . ( ).
, .
6 : , ,
(, ) , , () , , .
, . , , . , , ( , ), () , .
( ) , . ( ), .
(, ). .
, , , , , ( , , ).
, , , , , .
"", , (), .
: , , "0" "" , 0 , 1 "", , 1 .
, , 1 (""), 0 , "" ( 1).
(. 2), 1 ("") = 1, 0 ("") = 0.
. 1.
. 2.
|
|
() (. 3):
. 3.
(. 4)
. 4.
(), (. 5):
. 5.
(. 6.6)
. 6.
, (. 7). .
. 7. ()
, , , , , . () () ( ) . , (, , ) ( ), ( , 1 0) "" "" ( ).
, , , , .
. x y z p x y
x | y | z | p |
()
, , ( , i - ) (. 8):
. 8.
. " " (, ), () / ( ). " " , ( ) , " ". " " (. 9), (). , = 00011101 : "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "".
|
|
. 9. " 1"
( ) , z " ", , , , .
, "" ( "", "") ( ):
.
. " "? . 10:
. 10. " 2"
( ) (), , , .
( ).
. . , , . 11.
. 11. 1
. , (. 12):
. 12. 2
, , "" , : .
7 :
.
"" , () ( ). , , . "-" (" ") " " ( ).
.
() (, ), , .
:
1. () .
2. ( ).
3. .
4. .
5. () .
6. , () .
7. .
8. .
, .
, , , ( , ) ( , ).
, , , , - ( ), ( -), -, (), .
-, .
:
|
|
.. /.. , .. . : - , 1997.
8 : , ,
, , .
- , - .
, .
. 123 , ; 12,34 , ; " ", , .
( ) .
() . , . .
. ( ) ( ). 3 , , .
.
, , () - .
. "", "", "" :
- = (, , , );
- = (, , , , );
- = (, , ).
"" .
. "_":
- _=(, ).
"_" (, ).
, , .
( ) , "" ( ), .
. "" , , , : "", " ", "", "", " ".
, , , , , . ( , ) .
. (), , , , , (, ) , , , , . integer, real, char, string, boolean.
(" ").
|
|
. "=" (), "+", "", "*", "=" ( ), "≠", "<", ">", "≤", "≥".. "/" (). ":=", "=", "≠", "<", ">", "≤", "≥". , ""<"b" , "" "b" "a" "b" ( , , ASCII merican Standard Code for Information Interchange, ). () ( ) "+". , ""+"" "". . , Basic a, b, c : a and b or (c or not a).
, , , : , , char, string. () .
.
(, , ) (, , , ), - . .
. 89, 65, 9, 0, 1.7 5, , x : x[1] = 89, x[2] = 65, x[3] = 9, x[4] = 0, x[5] = 1.7.
.
. [4], [i], x[4+j] . i = 2 j = 1 , , 4-, 2- 5- .
( ) .
. "", , , [m:n], m ( 1), n ( 1). Basic dim (dimension). : x[1:5], Basic dim x(5).(, ) , "" (-), "" (-) , .
, , (, dim), , , : , .
. x dim x(5,3), 5 ( 1- 5- ) 3 ( 1- 3- ) :
( 1) | ( 2) | ( 3) | |
x11 | x12 | 13 | ( 1) |
x21 | x22 | 23 | ( 2) |
31 | 32 | 33 | ( 3) |
41 | x42 | 43 | ( 4) |
51 | x52 | 53 | ( 5) |
, .
. (3,2) 3- 2- .
9 :
(, , , ) (), , .
, " " () , () (), (). , , , , . ( ).
|
|
, , , , , , , , , . " ".
( ) (, , ), , .
, . ( ) ( ) , (" , "). .
( ). , .
() ( ).
, , . , . , ; , ( ) . . , .
:
- ( , );
- ( - -; / );
- ();
- ( );
- ;
- , .
() :
- ( ) ;
- ();
- ;
- ;
- () ( );
- .
( ). , , .
. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , , :
1) a = b = c = 0;
2) a = 0, b, c ;
3) D = b 2 4 ac < 0 .
(100%-) , .
.
. ( ) n , , .
. 1 2 = 21 ( "0" "1"), 2 4 = 22 ("00", "01", "10", "11"). , , n 2 n. .
n = k. n = k + 1 , (0 1) 2 k k 2 , 2 × 2 k = 2 k +1, .
x = 2 n .
. ln(x) = ln(2 n) = n ln(2).
exp(ln(x)) = x, , exp(ln(x)) = x = exp(n ln(2)).
, , x.