WITH OSCILLOSCOPE
A purpose of the work is to study the principles of oscilloscope work.
Task 1: to measure amplitude and period of a signal studied by an oscilloscope and calculate the effective value of voltage and frequency.
Task 2: to observe Lissajous figures for various frequencies of voltage oscillation at X and Y oscilloscope inputs.
Instrumentation and appliances: an electronic oscilloscope, two audio-signal generators, wires for electrical connections.
Experimental part
Order of carrying out the task 1
1. Switch on the oscilloscope. Obtain a distinct sweep trace by tuning knobs "" and "". Set the sweep trace in the centre of the screen using knobs " 
" and " 
".
2. Switch on the generator 1. Supply the signal of 400 Hz frequency from terminal " 600 " of the generator to inputY of the oscilloscope (on the left-side panel) through electric cable.
3. Set the switch "V/." in the position with maximum signal within limits of oscilloscopes screen.
4. Locate within the screen 1-2 periods of the signal by the "ms/.", "s/." switch.
5. Turn knob " " to the left reaching disappearance of the signal. Then turning knob " " to the right, get appearance of the signal on the screen.
6. Determine H and L in large scale graduations (fig. 6.1). Be sure that knobs "" and "" are in the right limit position (after a click).
7. Repeat measurements setting up frequency of the generator signal to be 500 Hz; 1000 Hz.
8. Calculate amplitude and effective values of the signal for all three frequencies mentioned above.
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Figure 6.1
The amplitude value of the signal
(6.1)
where α is the coefficient of vertical deflection (position of the switch "V/."). The effective value of voltage
U eff = U a / 
. (6.2)
It has to be in accordance with the reading of the generator 1 voltmeter.
9. Calculate period and frequency of the signal for all three frequencies mentioned above.
The period can be found as
T = kL, (6.3)
where k is the sweep coefficient (which corresponds to the position of the switch "ms/.", "s/."). The frequency of the signal is calculated by the formula
ν = 1/T. (6.4)
It is needed to compare the calculated values of frequency with ones set up on the scale of the generator 1.
10. Estimate an error for one of the appointed frequencies ν1
Δν ≈ (ΔL/L1) ν1, (6.5)
where ΔL = 0.2 is the small scale graduation on the screen.
If the difference between ν1 and the calculated frequency is more than 2Δν, attempt to find some other source of an error that could explain such a divergence.
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Order of carrying out the task 2
1. Switch on the oscilloscope. Obtain a distinct sweep trace by tuning knobs "" and "". Set the sweep trace in the centre of the screen using knobs " " and " ".
2. Switch on the generator 1. Supply the signal of 3 kHz frequency from terminal " 600 " of the generator to inputY of the oscilloscope (on the left-side panel) through electric cable.
3. Set the switch "V/." in the position with maximum signal within limits of oscilloscope screen.
4. Set the switch "." on the right-side panel in the lower position.
5. Switch on the generator 2. Supply the signal of 0.9 kHz frequency from terminal " 600 " of the generator to inputX of the oscilloscope (on the right-side panel) through electric cable.
6. Varying amplitude of the generator output signal by the knob above output terminals, get the signal not to pass the side boundaries of the screen.
7. Increase gradually frequency of the generator signal from 0.9 to 10 kHz and fix the values at which static figures (so-called Lissajous figures) are observed. Show these figures schematically in the report.
8. Make conclusion about an effect of the relationship between frequencies of generators 1 and 2 on an appearance of Lissajous figures.
Control questions
1. What is an oscilloscope application?
2. Describe construction of an electron-beam tube, give its schematic picture.
3. Give definition for the sensitivity of EBT.
4. What is a sweep?
5. How is the synchronization process performing?
6. What are Lissajous figures?
7. Show a block diagram of an oscilloscope and explain basic principles of oscilloscope work.
8. How to measure amplitude and period of a signal by an oscilloscope?
9. How to determine an effective value and frequency of voltage by using an oscilloscope?
10. How does an appearance of Lissajous figures depend on a relationship between frequencies of oscillations combined?
This instruction is worked out by S. Lushchin, reader of the physics chair, completed by V. Kurbatsky, reader of the physics chair. Reviewer: S. Loskutov, professor of the physics chair.
22.1
Ͳ Ҳ
: , , RP = f(l).
: .
1. . . , () . .
: .
- . , , I = dq/dt = const . , dq/dt ≠ const, . , Ѳ (). (mA) (A).
S , j .
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j = d/dS, dS dI, .
S :
S , j = I/S = const. , Ѳ (/2). j , j = qnv.
2. (, . .), U, , :
U = I / R (7.1)
. j = σE, j . , σ . . :
ε ; R ; r .
. ʳ 㳿 , :
Q = RI2t (7.2)
, :
(7.3)
(7.2) (7.3) -. ʳ Q, ' , ω . - :
ω = jE = σE2
3. . . , , .
. , , ( ) (. 7.1). δ∑Ik = 0 I1 + I2 I a = 0.
I1R1 I2R2 = ε1 ε2
I2R2 + I3R3= ε3 + ε2
7.1
(7.4)
ρ ; l ; S .
. ' .
' (. 7.2) .
7.2
U1 = IR1; U2 = IR2; U3 = IR3.
, :
U1 + U2 + U3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
, - n- 璺 :
R = R1 + R2 + + R n (7.5)
' I1, I2,I n .
' (. 7.3).
7.3
:
U1 = U2 = U3 = U
I = I1 + I2 + I3; I1 = U1 / R1; I2 = U2 / R2; I3 = U3 / R3 è
n-
(. 7.4).
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7.4
, - . ̳ . , .
, , . ̳ , , . W3 , W2 - .
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1. 0,7 0,8 , , .
2. W1 "".
3. W3 "̲".
4. ³ W2, , . 7.5.
5. RP 
, R a = 0,15 , R = 2500 .
7.5.
6. W2, , . 7.6.
7.6
7. RP :
, 
8. d, I, r, 
.
9. , I . l 8-10 Uv.
10. 8-10 RP , .
11. .
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| l, | |||||||||
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| R P, |
12. R P = f(l).
13. R P . .
1. ? .
2. .
3. .
4. ' .
5. .
6. ' .
7. .
8. .
9. ʳ.
10. .
11. ' .
. ..
: . ..
LABORATORY WORK 22.1
