147. ?
. - , (, ). - , (- , ). , , , .
, , ( : , -, - ).
148. ?
, , : , . : , crc2; , crc1, , crc2. , crc1> crc2. , crc1 - , , crc2 - . crc1 crc2 , ( ) .
149. ?
( 148) , , ( ) . , crc1 , ( ) , .. crc2 = 0, - , 0,5 , . .
150. ?
1- : , .. gf > 1. , 1- (. 64).
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2- : crc1 , .. gf = 1, , . , 2- .
3- : crc1 gf = 1 crc2 ( gf = 1). , 2- .
151. ?
, : . , , , , , , . 3- , - 2-, , , - 1-.
152. ?
- £ crc, - , crc - , .
, , crc : - , ( . 75 - ), .. sbp 0, bt - , 0 Rbt,ser. , .
. 75
= Wredsbp, sbp = P / Ared + Peop / Wred (. 49), , (. 76,):
Mp = Wred (P/Ared + Peop /Wred) = P (r + eop),
r = Wred /Ared - ( ). j, 0,7 1. r = =jWred /Ared. , - , , rp.
Mbt = Wpl Rbt,ser - , : Wpl - - . Wpl = gWred, Wred - ( - ), g = (1,25...2,0) - . Rbt,ser - 2- ( Rbt, n).
. 76
153. ?
( ) .75,, : . Nb Nbt , , , : sb= 2 Rbt,ser. Nb = =Nbt = Rbt,ser bh / 2, z = h / 4 + h / 3 = 7 h / 12. , , M = Nbtz = (Rbt,serbh/ 2)(7 h/ 12) = =Rbt,serbh 27 / 24 = Rbt,ser (7/4) bh 2/6, M = Rbt,ser 1,75 W. , g = 1,75. , , .
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154. ?
, . , N (. 76, , ):
r = N (eo - r), r = N (eo + r). : Mr £ Mcrc = Mrp + Mbt - , . ( 50.) , , (. 78).
155. ?
, Mcrc > Mu. (, ..), , .. . .
. 77 . 78
: Mcrc= Nbt z1 = Ns z2 (. 77) . , Ns = Rs As £ Nbt z1 / z2, , . , 15 % , . (, , - .)
. 79
156. , ?
, . , , w qw ( k = 1,6 - . 82). 1 ( gsp > 1) , , (.79), r¢. :
w + P1 (eop - r¢) £ Rbt,ser W¢pl, W¢pl - - . , Rbt,ser .
157. , , ?
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, . , , Mw, ( . 80), .. , . sbp, , , , () .
, crc (1- l), . (1- l) . , , , , .
. 80 | . 81 |
158. ?
( 139), , , . 1 (. 64): , (. 81). :
sbt £ Rbt, (N/A + Ne0/W) £ Rbt,
A W . W, N (e0 r) £ RbtW, N £ Rbt W/ (e0 r), r . a ( ) h ( ), W - Wpl, : N £ aRbtWpl / (e0h r). ( e0h < r) , N .
159. ?
, , smt - .. () :
smt = (sx + sy)/2 + Ö(sx sy)2/4 t2xy,
s - , sy - , ( ) , txy - Q . : smt £ gb4Rbt,ser, gb4, , . , , , lp (. 53) , .
160. ?
, sy, smt , , . , , txy, . 1- .
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161. ?
2- (, tot, . . 82,), . , (l . 82,) . , sb (.. l) 2 ( gsp= 1). sb 0,5 .
. 82
: , (tot) ( ), (ssp+ss) £ 0,8 Rs,ser. , () . ssp - (1- l) (. 157), ss - (. 163 165).
162. ?
. , , , . , (. 82,): sb = -Ml /Wred +P2 /Ared + P2 eop /Wred ³ 0,5().
Ared= Wred / r (. 152), P2/Ared + P2 eop /Wred = = P2 (r/Wred + eop /Wred). sb = - Ml /Wred + P2 (eop + r) /Wred ³ 0,5, Ml £ P2 (eop + r) - 0,5 Wred.
163. ?
, es, ss, ( , ss - ssp). ss, crc. , (ssp + ss) Rs,ser.
, : , , , crc. h, ( 1 1,4 ).
d . d As ( Asp) , - , .. Ns = ssAs. ss , , .
crc , , jl. crc (, ), d, m. , : crc= d jl h (ss /Es)×20× (3,5 100 m)× . crc d, d = (n1d12 +... + nkdk2)/(n1d1 +... + nkdk), d1 dk - , n1...nk - .
164. ss ?
( . 83 ). ()
,
():
.
N Ntot = = N+P2 (. 83,). s,tot = (Nes + P2esp) /Ntot. Ntot = P2, es,tot = (M + P2esp) /P2. : 0 £ eo,tot £ 0,8 ho , z zs - S S¢. z .
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ss : ss = Rs (M /Mu), M , , Mu (. 58).
, , , , N. , : , , . 83.
. 83
165. ?
( ) ss (. 163). , , , .
ss dn = (h - x - a2)/(h - x - a1), = xho ( x z). . 84, dn , .. .
. 84 . 85
166. ?
, (, , ) . . 85, 1 crc1 , Ftot, 2 - crc2 Fl (, Fsh = Ftot - Fl).
crc1, - crc2 Dcrc , . crc2 , Dcrc crc3 ( 3) crc4 ( 4) Ftot Fl . , . 85 , crc - F .
167. , ?
, . , s1 Rs1, Rs2 > Rs1 s2 = s1 (Rs1/Rs2) < As1. s2 < As1, ss2 > ss1, , (. 163). , . , .
168. ()?
f £ fu, f - , fu - . fu 1/600 1/150 - , .
, - .. (, ). (, ). (, ).
fu , f ( , ), - .
169. ?
- 1 /r, f = jml2 (1 /r), , , - jm = 5/48, jm = 1/12, jm = 1/8 ..
170. ?
, : 1 /r = Mjb2 / (jb1EbJred), jb1= 0,85 () , jb2 ³ 1 - .
. 86
, : , es eb, (. 86). , esm ebm m. (. 86): Ds/r = Dlb/xm = Dls/ (ho - xm) = = (Dlb + Dls) /ho, 1/r = (esm +ebm) /ho. esm = yses = =ysss/Es; ebm= ybeb = ybsb/ (nEb), 1/r = ssys / (Esho) + sbyb / (nEbho). ss = M/ (Asz); sb = M/ (Abz). , ( .. ) .. ; Ab - ( Ab= =bxm). (+) (-) N ( .. ), : ys - , yb - , n - . .
171. f?
f3 . f4. . f2, , f1.
: f = f1 + f2 f3 f4. , , .
, , (. 170). : f = f1 f2 + f3 f4, f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 . , , , , ( , , . 166): f1 (f3 f2).