57. ?
sm: , , Q , sm sx , ; Q , sm smt , (. 27).
58. ?
, , , £ u, , u , .
59. ?
u . Ns, ( ) Nb. z ( ), , : u= Nbz. , h0 (. 28).
. 27 | . 28 |
60. ?
, . Ns Nb, Nb = Ns. , Nb = RbAb Rb, b, , R. R, S .
61. ?
( R xR = xR / ho), , .. , sb ss ( ) Rb Rs . , , .. < R, . , > xR . , , , .
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62. -, - ?
, Nb = Ns, RbAb = RsAs. , s b, , . . 29 , .
(), < R, (es = epl), (eb < ebu). , , . , , , , epl epl1 (. 29,), , ebu (. 29,, ). , , e02, s02, e02.1 (. 29, ), gs6: , gs6. , Rs, Rsgs6; , , Rb.
. 29
= R, (): eb es ebu epl ( e02), Rb Rs.
() > R, ebu, epl (e02), .. Rb , Rs : ss < Rs. , , ss.
: , (1- ). (2- ). R ( xR), .
63. , ?
, spl (s02), epl (e02), . R (xR) , ebu epl (e02). , ebu , epl , R (xR), , (. 30,).
. 30
e02 R () , e02 , R,02 ( 1 . 30,), ( 1 ), . ssp ( 1 . 30,), , ( 2) (ssp2 asbp) esp,0, .
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s02 ( 3), Des = e02 esp,0, .. , ( 0 3, 2). : , , , R ( 2 . 30,). , , ssp, Des R ( xR).
ebu (. 27). , epl , , ebu ( ) R (. 30,).
64. ?
- , 3 (. 31). 1- , , , . , (. 4). 1 , , , .
. 31
2- ( ) , , ( ). . .
3- - , (.1), (sb = Rb) - , . w 1, ( 5 %) . x ss Rs ( 1) Rs ( 2). 3- .
65. 1 2?
1 , £ R ( x £ xR). S (. 29,, ), ss = Rs, Ns = RsAs. , Nb = Rbbx , .. (. 32,).
. 32
zb = ho - 0,5 x. : £ u = Nbzb = Rbbx (ho- 0,5 x), u - . (, , , S, .) åN = 0, åN - :
Nb - Ns = 0, Rbb RsAs = 0, = RsAs/ (Rbb).
2 > R ( x > xR), ss < Rs (. 29,). , 1, ss = f (ss), ss= f (x), , , (. 80). = R, ss = Rs 1. , , , , £ R ( x £ xR).
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66. ?
, , . , , ss >s02 (. 62): , ss. Rs gs6 = h - (h - 1)(2 x/xR - 1) £ h, h = 1,1...1,2 ( ). , x = xR gs6 = 1, x £ 0,5 xR gs6 = h. : , gs6 = 1, x = /ho x/xR, gs6.. ( Rs gs6Rs): = gs6RsAs / (Rbb), .
, , , , . , (. 5), gs6 . gs6 A-III, , .
67. , ?
-, - . -, S¢ , , , . , ( R) S. , (s+As) = R ( x = xR).
(.. S S¢) , (. 56 .32,), : Ns = RscAs.
u = Nbzb + Nszs = Rbbx (ho- 0,5 x) + RscAs (ho - a ¢), - Nb + Ns - Ns = 0, = (RsAs - RscAs) / (Rbb), Rsc - (. 27).
, , , ( ), (. 135).
68. ?
, xR, R = xRho, , 2- . , .. : b = Nbzb = =RbbxR (ho - 0,5 xR).
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b < M, , 2- , S¢. , : ¢s = - b, ¢s = RscA¢s (ho - a ¢), A¢s = = Ms/ (Rsc (ho- a ¢)). Ns = Nb+ N¢s, Rss = RbbxR + RscA¢s, s = (RbbxR + +RscA¢s) /Rs.
b = , . Nb = Ns s = RbbxR /Rs.
b > M, , s, , : < xR s . , = u = Nbzb = Rbbx (ho - 0,5 x).
, s = Rbbx/Rs.
, . , , , , .
69. < ¢?
< ¢, = 0. S¢ , . , , . , (.. RsAs = RscA¢s) x = (RsAs RscA¢s) /Rbb = 0. , , ssc sb . S¢ . , : M £ RsAszs, .. .. S¢, . , , .
, , .
70. ?
. u s , (. 33,). u s ( ) zb (.33,). u zb (. 33, ).
. 33
71. ?
, .. (. 62), (. 5), . .
72. ?
(, ), , : = (Ns - N¢s)/(Rbb¢f) = (RsAs - RscA¢s)/(Rbb¢f). £ h¢f (. 34,), ( b b¢f ). > h¢f (. 34,), () : Nb f = Rb (b¢f - b) h¢f. , b: = (Ns - N¢s - Nbf)/(Rbb) = (RsAs - RscA¢s - Rb (b¢f - b) h¢f) /(Rbb); Mu = Nb zb + Nbfzbf + N¢s zs,
Mu = Rb b x (ho- 0,5 x) + Rb (b¢f - b) h¢f (ho- 0,5 h¢f) + Rsc A¢s (ho-a¢). : £ u. b¢f - (), , (. 74).
. 34
73. ?
= h¢f, , , b. b < M (.. ), R = xRho :
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bf + Mb = Rb (b¢f - b) h¢f (ho - 0,5 h¢f) + RbbxR (ho- 0,5 xR). , , :
Nbf = Rb (b¢f - b) h¢f bf = Nbf zbf - .
74. ?
, sb , , . - () : . , : b¢f , sb = Rb ( .35). . b¢f h¢f / h, , (- -) . .
. 35 | . 36 |
75. , ?
, (. 36,). S, .. ho zb. , , (. 80), . , . , (. 36,). , .
, , , .
76. ?
, . - . , , , . , -, ( ) , -, , , ( ). . , ()
77. ?
(, zb = 0,8 ho zb = ho 0,5 h¢f ), u = RsAszb, , s = M/ (Rszb). , 15...20 % .
78. ?
, . , (.. x = xR) 15, ( 30) Mu 22,5 % ( 1 .37). : x = 0,5 xR 15 30 Mu 9,2 % ( 2). , Rb . (zb = h0 0,5 ), , , , . Rb , x < 0,5 xR. , Rb.
79. , ?
, , , . Rbp, (. 41).
80. ?
, es ss. , es (. 38,). ss, . , , ( 80 % ), . , . (. 62). , Rs, , . , ss = gs6Rs; Rs.
. 38
, : , , ( ssc=Rsc). , ; .
, , , : , (ho - x), ss = Rs, - ss = 0,8 Rs (.38,).
81. , ?
, , , , . , , , .. (1), (2). , w qw (.39). , .
82. ܭ , ?
(. 39,). 1 : 1 = (ssp1 - 330) sp, ssp1 - gsp > 1; 330() - Sp , ebu ( 400 500 , . 27). Rbp gb2 = 1,1. , = 1,4 ( = 1,6), , , .. .
, 1, = + w /P1 (. 4). ( = 0) , S S¢.
83. ?
.
1. () smc (. 40,). Rb b, smc ( Rb , , ). ho txy, - smc.
: Q £ 0,3 jw1jb1Rbbho, jw1 jb1 - , , Q - ( , ). , .
. 40
2. , (. 40,). Q, Sw, Sinc , . , : Q £ Qu, Q , , Qu . . 40, , , ( .. ), , , .
3. , (. 40,), . S, Sw Sinc , : £ u. .
84. ?
: SQ = 0, : Q £ Qu = Qb + Qsw + Qs,inc (. 41), Qsw = SRswAsw = qswco - , (), , , , ; Qs,inc = RswAs,incsina - , , - , ; Qb= jb2 (1 + jn+jf) Rbtbho2/c = Mb /c - , , - ( ). |
Qb jb2 ( jb2 = 2), jn ( - , - , jn > 1; - , jn < 1); jf ( - , jf > 1). jn jf 0,5. Rsw - .
, : ( ). Qb, Qsw, Q.
, - , Mb = Qbc . , , .
85. ?
. , , ( ) . qsw = RswAsw /s ( s - ), Qsw : Qsw = SRswAsw = qswco. , .
86. , ?
, : - , () - . , , - () : , - . , 0,8. Rsw = 0,8 Rs. , .
87. ?
-, , : h£ £ 2 ho, ho £ c £ cmax, max= 3,33 ho, max= 3,4 ho .. -, : - , = ; - ( ), > . , , , ( ).
1- (. 42,) ( ), Qb = Mb/c, Qsw = qswco. Qu = Qb + Qsw , - Qu Q. Qb Qsw , Qb = Qsw. b /c = qswco, , c = c0 = = , Mb = jb2 (1 + jn + jf) Rbt bho2.
. 42
2- (. 42,) , , (Qb+ Qsw - Q). , Qsw,min = qswco,min, co,min = ho, . Qsw,min = qswho = const, = q - .
88. ?
, Mb = jb2 (1 + jn + jf) Rbt bho2, qsw = RswAsw /s, Qs,inc= =RswAs,inc×sina, .
1. c = c = ; Qb = Mb/c; Qsw = qswco; Q = Qmax - qc. , .. Q > Qu= Qb + Qsw + Qs,inc, - ( ), ( ). , < ho, = ho, > 2 ho, 2- .
, , () = ho 2 ho.
2. = . > cmax, = max. Qsw = qswho, , 1. , Qsw, .
Qsw, , , , 50 (. 28). , , , -.
89. ?
- . : s dsw, . h £ 450 s £ h/ 2 s £ 150 , h > 450 s £ h/ 3 s £ 500 . dsw ³ ds / 3, dsw ³ ds / 4, Rsw 10 % ( ds - , ). :
qsw ³ 0,5 jb3 (1 + jn + jf) Rbt b, jb3 = 0,6. (. 88).
300 , 150 , : Qmax £ 2,5 Rbt bho Q £ jb4 Rbt bho2/c, Qmax - ; Q - , ; jb4 = (1,0...1,5) - , ; , = .
90. ?
, , h, b (h ). () . , . , , , , Rs.
91. ?
, , . £ 2 ho (. 43,), 1- : = = . > 2 ho (. 43,), 2- : = , = ho. > cmax, = max. : Q, Qb, Qsw, Qs,inc .
92. ?
, , ho (. 44). 1- : ho1 £ c = co £2 ho1 (. 87), b ho1.
. 43 | . 44 |
93. ?
, , , (. 76). 1, (. 45,), , . Q = Qmax ( Q = Qmax - qc, ). 2 (. 45,) Q = Qmax - mq, m = c - co. .
. 45
94. ?
, (. 46). - : M £ Ms + Msw + +Ms,inc, Ms = Ns zs = Rsgs5Aszs; Msw = Qswc/ 2 = qswc2/ 2; Ms,inc = Ns,inc zs,inc = Rswgs5 As,inc zs,inc. S Sinc , : gs5 = lx / lan £ 1 ( lan lp; . 54). - | . 46 |
, Nb Ns, . S¢ , ¢.
95. ?
, , , . , : £ 2 ho. , , , , .. (Mu- M). , , q (. 47,): d (Ms + +Msw - M)/ dc = 0.
Ms = Nszs = const, dMsw /dc = d (qswc2/ 2) /dc = qswc, dM/dc =Q = = Qmax- qc, qswc = Qmax - qc. = Qmax / (qsw+q), Qmax - . : = (Qmax - Rsw As,inc gs5 sina)/(qsw+q). (. 47,). ho £ £2 ho, F, = . a > 2 ho, = =Qmax /qsw £ 2 ho. < ho, = (Qmax- F) /qsw.
96. ?
-, Sp, - : Ns = Rs gs5 Asp (. 94). Sp , gs5 = 1 , , : Sw, , Sp, , . -, (. 97), -, - (. 98) , -, - (. 104 105).
97. ?
S , S1, Sw (.44), .
Sw Q, = Qmax / (qsw + q), = Qmax /qsw (c. 93). , sw Ms1 = M - Msw, s1 = Ms1/ (Rs z1), z1 - S1 ( ). S1 . , (.44) , lan.
98. ?
, (. 48), , , z2 , z1 .
. 47 | . 48 |
. 49 |
99. ?
, , : , (.49). , , ( ), , . , M = M1 + Q1c. .
100. ?
, M Msw=qswc2/ 2. , . 50, ) , , ) , ) , , Msw M. ( ) . qsw, Msw , , | . 50 |
. , , , .
101. ?
, l1 £ 0,9 h0, l1 , h0 . , , .
102. ?
, , . , , . () , S (.51). : N £ Nbu, N = Q/sinq , Nbu= 0,8 Rb blsup sinq jw . Q £ 0,8 Rbblsupsin2q×jw. Q , b (), lsupsinq (lsup ), 0,8 , jw ³ 1 , Sw ( . 8).
. 51 | . 52 |
S , ( . 51).