- Cray-1 1976 . , . , :
, .
, , 128 256 . , . , . , . , . - - , . , , .
, . , - (2-16) (SMP), , , NUMA, MPP . CRAY J90/T90, CRAY SV1, NEC SX-4/SX-5. , . , 90- , , . - . 2002 . NEC Earth Simulator 5120 - , 5 - MPP ASCI White 8192 . , , - - .
(SMP)
SMP , . SMP , . , . - . , . 32- .
|
|
SMP , , , , (. 1.1).
. 1.1. .
, . , . , , . , , . , (-), , . - Pentium III 1000 . - :
L1 ( ) - 32 , 9976 /;
L2 ( ) - 256 , 4446 /.
255 /. , 100% (1000 ) 40 !
, . , . , -, . , - , . , , - - , , .
ccNUMA (cache coherent Non Uniform Memory Access). , . , , , , , . - , , , . SMP :
|
|
- ;
;
.
, .
ccNUMA . , , 256 200 . . 2 128 . SUN StarFire 15K, SGI Origin 3000, HP Superdome. - Superdome Hewlett-Packard - . SMP , , . , - .
()
, , . , (. 1.2).
. 1.2. .
, , , /, .. . ( RS/6000 SP2), , , ( Cray T3E, nCUBE2).
. . , -. , . MPP (ASCI White - 8192, Blue Mountain - 6144). 10 / (10 Tflops). MPP . .
, , . , , . MPP . : " 1000 ". ? . 999 , . , . MPP . Intel Paragon . . Cray T3D/T3E . , . nCUBE n- . . , , , . , - , . , IBM SP2. , .
|
|
, . , SMP , . MPP 3- :
- ;
;
.
, . , . . , , . , SMP .
, MPP . MPP , : . , , , MPI, , . , .
, , . , . , COCOA, 25 $100000 , 48- Cray T3D .
, . , . : - , - . Cray T3D 1 480 /, , Fast Ethernet, 100 10 /. . , , , .
|
|
, - , . . -, , , - . , . -, .
, - - SMP-. . . : Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Tru64 Unix, Windows NT. , , .
. . , , , . , . , , -. , , , .
. Fast Ethernet. . . , 10 /, 250 / . ScaLAPACK, , , : " , /, 1/10 , Mflops". , Pentium III 500 ( 500 Mflops), Fast Ethernet 1/5 . Gigabit Ethernet.
, SCI Scali Computer (~100 /) Mirynet (~120 /). - (SUN, HP, Silicon Graphics).