, . .
() . , 2() + 2() = 22() (8)
: , ,
.. , 2() + 2() = 2() (9)
(υ ) . , (), (), () . υ : , , .
, (8) υ = k∙2 ×2, k , , , , ; ( / ). (9) υ = k×2 , , .. = 1.
-: 10º 2 4 . -:
, (10)
υ1 υ2 1 2; γ - . , 10º.
. . , . , :
N2() + 3H2() ⇄ 2NH3() (11)
, , .. .
, [ ]. , . , , (i), . , (11):
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,
(, ). , .. - , , . .
( , ) , - : , , , , , . . - , , .
i; , i , Pj , .
, , .. (∆ > 0). , (∆ < 0).
1. 2N() + 2() ⇄ 2NO2() ,
N 2 , 2 8 ?
. 1) , :
NO 2 , .. 'NO=2 NO, 2 8 , .. 'o2 = o2 /8.
2) : υ' = k × (' NO)2 × 'o2
3) , . = 1/2
: N 2 2 8 2 .
2. , 2SO2 () + 2 () ⇄ 2S3 (), 3 . ?
. 1) , : ,
2) , . 3 3 , .. : 'so2 = 3 so2, '2 = 3o2 'so3 = 3 so3.
3) :
4) , : ;
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, 3 27 , 9 .
5) . , 27 , 9 , , .. SO3.
3. , , 140 5,5 × 10-4, 185 9,2 × 10-3.
: 1 =140 , k1 =5,5 × 10 -4; 2= 185, k2 = 9,2∙× 10-3. γ.
. 1) - :
, ..
2) .
) :
T1 = 140 + 273 = 413 , 2 = 185 + 273 = 458 ;
) γ:
, lg 16,7 = 4,5 lgγ
, .. lg γ = 0,27, γ = 1,87.
: 1,87.
4. N2 + 2 ⇄ 2N (/) [ N2 ] = 4; [ H2 ] = 2 [ NH3 ] = 6. 2 N2.
: [ 2 ]=2 /, [ N2 ] = 4 /, [ NH3 ] = 6 /. , (2), Ccx (N2).
. 1) : ;
2) 2 N2.
. [] , ( X (). , : () = [] + ().
) (N2) (2) , 2 NH3 1 N2 3 2. NH3 6 /, 6/2 = 3 N2 3×(6 / 2) = 9 2.
) (N2) (2):
(2) = [2] + (2) = 2 + 9 = 11 /,
C(N2) = [N2] + X(N2) = 4 + 3 = 7 /.
: 1,1. 2 N2 11 / 7 / .
5.
22()+ 22() ⇄ 222 (), ∆ = 483,7
.
. , , -.
1) . , ∆ < 0, , . - (.. ), , , .. . , .
2) . , 2V (2) + 2V (2) ≠ 2V (22), .. ∆V ≠ 0. () . - ( ) , , .. . , , , .
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1.7. .
.
, . , . , . .
, , ; , , . . , , , .
(α) %:
, (12)
n , ;
n 0 .
, (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 .), (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, HBr, HI ).
NH4OH, (H2CO3,, H2S, HNO2, H3PO4 .), H2O.
(.. ) :
HCl = H+ + Cl H2SO4 = 2H+ + SO42
(.. ) . , :
1. H2SO3 ⇄ H+ + HSO3- 2. HSO3- ⇄ H+ + SO32-
, ( ), ( ): NH4OH ⇄ NH4+ + OH. , :
. , , , .
α :
(13)
(13) : .
, α << 1, = α2.
, :
H 2O ⇄ H+ + OH ∆H = +56,5/
:
( ). , ,
[ H2O] = [H+]∙[OH-] = 55,6∙1,8∙10-16 = 10-14
[ H+]∙[OH-] = 10-14 = KW
- , : [ H+] = [OH-] = .
(, , ) + , 10-14 =250. + . : pH = -lg[H+]. , , .
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