,
2007
: . .., . ..
539.15
:
, : . . / .-; . .., ... , 2001.-
.
.1. . 5 .
( ). , , . , . . .
, , .
.
..
..
..
01.01.01. 6084 1/16. ..3. . ... .-.. 200 .
-
614600. , ., 15
614600. , ., 15.
. , . . , , λ . λ, , , N , λ Ν . λ N . , . . :
1 = 3,71010 /
(1 = 10-3 ) (1 =10-6 ). 1 . (). , :
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1 = 106 .
λ . λ , . . , . , , , .
[1]. t N dt dN , λ
dN=-λΝdt. (1.1)
, . , λ (. . ), (1.1) . ,
N=N 0 e-lt,(1.2)
N 0 t =0. , (1.2) . (1.1), A N , :
(1.3)
λ , T½ τ. T½ τ λ , (, , ) . (1.2)
,
T½= ln2 /λ. (1.4)
, w (t) , , t =0, t. -dw t t+dt. ,
dw=-λwdt, (1.5)
dt λdt , t, w , t . (1.5) , w= 1 t= 0,
w (t) =e-λt. (1.6)
(1.6) . . , (1.2) (1.6) N 0.
τ, ,
(1.7)
-dw , t t+dt.
(1.4) (1.7), , ½, τ ln 2=0,69:
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T½=τ ln 2 = 0,69 τ. (1.8)
T½. , (1.2) . , (1.6). (1.6) t
w0 (t) = e -λt,
w1 (t) =1- e -λt.
, , , t ,
w0= e -λt e -λt= e -2λt,
w1= 2e -λt (1 - e -λt),
w2= (1 - e -λt) 2.
, , , w 1 e -λt , , (1 - e -λt) , , , , .
N
w0= e -Nλt,
w1=N e-( N-1 ) λt (1 - e -λt),
wn= e -(N-n)λt (1 - e -λt) n.
, , <<N ( ) λt<< 1 ( ). wn N! Nn (N-)!,
wn= e- Nλt (e λt- 1) ≈ e -Nλt. (1.9)
(1.9) N λ t [1,2]. , w n Nλt> >1. wn - . wn (Nλt) n. = Nλt , ! . , wn = Nλt, . . (1.9)
n!≈ e -nnn+1/2.
(1.9)
w (n) = e -n {ln n- 1 - ln ( Nλt )} - Nλt. (1.10)
, n >>1 = Nλt . Nλt, -Nλt. (1.10)
w (n) = e . (1.11)
, (1.9), (1.11) w (n), , wn :
= e -Nλt = 1,
= 1.
(1.9). , . wn (t) , t , (t) :
(t) = . (1.12)
, , t,
(t)= = e -Nλt=Nλt e -Nλt=Nλt. (1.13)
, .
(1.13) , A
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A= /t=Nλ. (1.14)
(, N ) λt<< 1.
D, [1, 2, 3]
D = = - = - . (1.15)
(1.13):
=(Nλt)2, (1.16)
(1.13):
= e -Nλt= e Nλt = .
D= , (1.17)
.. , t. δ () [2]:
δ = = . (1.18)
, ,
Δ= = = . (1.19)
. , 100 10 000 .