.
: .
, . . , . ( ).
- , .
R-H | ||
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I (Hal) | R-Hal | |
- | R-OH Ar-OH | |
-OR | R-OR | |
-NH2, >NH, >N- | RNH2, R2NH, R3N | |
-NO2 | RNO2 | |
<p>>c=o <="" center=""> </p>>c=o> | ||
-SH | R-SH | |
-SO3H | R-SO3H |
.
, (IUPAC). .
, . ( , , ), (, ), ( , ), ( , ), ( ). , IUPAC.
, . , . IUPAC , , . .
- .
(. 2).
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|
, (. 3).
.
1. (. 3).
2. : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) . : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 .
3. : , , .
4. ( ) .
5. , , , ( ).
6. , . () , .
2. , IUPAC.
CH4 | 3- | ||
CH3CH3 | CH3CH2- | ||
CH3CH2CH3 | CH3CH2CH2- | ||
CH3CH22CH3 | - | CH3CH22CH2- | - |
- | |||
- | |||
CH3CH22CH23 | - | CH3CH22CH22- | - |
3. ( ).
-(C)OOH* | - | |
-COOH | ||
-SO3H | ||
-(C)HO | ||
-CHO | ||
>(C)=O | - | |
- | ||
-SH | ||
-NH2 | ||
-OR** | , | - |
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I | , , , | - |
-NO2 | - |
* , , .
**- .
(-) - . . , , .