, , .
:
1. ;
2. , , ;
3. ; *)
4. , ;
5. ;
6. ; *)
7. ;
8. ; *)
9. ; *)
10. 2- 3- ; *)
11. , .
12. ?
13. ()?
14. , ?
15. ) ? ) ? ) ?
16. .
:
17. , ;
18. , ;
19. , , ;
20. , ;
21. ) ( ), ) , ) ;
22. ( ), , ;
23. , , ; ;
24. 2- ;
25. ;
:
26. ; ; *)
27. ; *) , ;
28. , .
29. .
30. .
31. ?
32. .
:
33. ;
34. ;
35. ;
36. ; *)
37. ;
38. () Ln;
39. Ln;
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40. Ln;
41. ;
42. ;
43. ;
44. ;
45. ;
46. ;
47. .
48. 2- ?
1. x {a,b,c}:
: .
1.1. x ={ -2, 4, 7 }, a ={ 0, 1, 2 }, b ={ 1, 0, 1 }, c ={ -1, 2, 4 }.
1.2. x ={ 6, 12, -1 }, a ={ 1, 3, 0 }, b ={ 2, -1, 1 }, c ={ 0, -1, 2 }.
1.3. x ={ 1, -4, 4 }, a ={ 2, 1, -1 }, b ={ 0, 3, 2 }, c ={ 1, -1, 1 }.
1.4. x ={ -9, 5, 5 }, a ={ 4, 1, 1 }, b ={ 2, 0, -3 }, c ={ -1, 2, 1 }.
1.5. x ={ -5, -5, 5 }, a ={ -2, 0, 1 }, b ={ 1, 3, -1 }, c ={ 0, 4, 1 }.
1.6. x ={ 13, 2, 7 }, a ={ 5, 1, 0 }, b ={ 2, -1, 3 }, c ={ 1, 0, -1 }.
1.7. x ={-19, -1, 7 }, a ={ 0, 1, 1 }, b ={ -2, 0, 1 }, c ={ 3, 1, 0 }.
1.8. x ={ 3, -3, 4 }, a ={ 1, 0, 2 }, b ={ 0, 1, 1 }, c ={ 2, -1, 4 }.
1.9. x ={ 3, 3, -1 }, a ={ 3, 1, 0 }, b ={ -1, 2, 1 }, c ={ -1, 0, 2 }.
1.10. x ={ -1, 7, -4 }, a ={ -1, 2, 1 }, b ={ 2, 0, 3 }, c ={ 1, 1, -1 }.
1.11. x ={ 6, 5, -14 }, a ={ 1, 1, 4 }, b ={ 0, -3, 2 }, c ={ 2, 1, -1 }.
1.12. x ={ 6, -1, 7 }, a ={ 1, -2, 0 }, b ={ -1, 1, 3 }, c ={ 1, 0, 4 }.
1.13. x ={ 5, 15, 0 }, a ={ 1, 0, 5 }, b ={ -1, 3, 2 }, c ={ 0, -1, 1 }.
1.14. x ={ 2, -1, 11 }, a ={ 1, 1, 0 }, b ={ 0, 1, -2 }, c ={ 1, 0, 3 }.
1.15. x ={ 11, 5, -3 }, a ={ 1, 0, 2 }, b ={ -1, 0, 1 }, c ={ 2, 5, -3 }.
1.16. x ={ 8, 0, 5 }, a ={ 2, 0, 1 }, b ={ 1, 1, 0 }, c ={ 4, 1, 2 }.
1.17. x ={ 3, 1, 8 }, a ={ 0, 1, 3 }, b ={ 1, 2, -1 }, c ={ 2, 0, -1 }.
1.18. x ={ 8, 1, 12 }, a ={ 1, 2, -1 }, b ={ 3, 0, 2 }, c ={ -1, 1, 1 }.
1.19. x ={ -9, -8, -3 }, a ={ 1, 4, 1 }, b ={ -3, 2, 0 }, c ={ 1, -1, 2 }.
1.20. x ={ -5, 9, -13 }, a ={ 0, 1, -2 }, b ={ 3, -1, 1 }, c ={ 4, 1, 0 }.
1.21. x ={ 2, 7, 5 }, a ={ 1, 0, 1 }, b ={ 1, -2, 0 }, c ={ 0, 3, 1 }.
1.22. x ={ 15, -20, -1 }, a ={ 0, 2, 1 }, b ={ 0, 1, -1 }, c ={ 5, -3, 2 }.
1.23 = { 10, 1, 11 }, a = { 3, 1, -1}, b ={ 1, -1, 4}, c= { 2, 1, 5}
1.24 x= { 0, 6, -1}, a ={ -1, 2, 1}, b ={ 2, 1, -1}, c= { 1, 2, 2}
2. 1 2 3 4. :
1) 1 2;
2) 1 2 1 4;
3) 1 4 1 2 3;
4) 1 2 3;
5) ;
6) 12;
7) 1 2 3;
8) , 4 1 2 3;
9) 4 1 2 3;
10) 4 1 2.
: , .
1 2 3 4
2.1. (1, 3, 6) (2, 2, 1) (-1, 0, 1) (-4, 6, -3)
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2.2. (-4, 2, 6) (2, -3, 0) (-10, 5, 8) (-5, 2, -4)
2.3. (7, 2, 4) (7, -1, -2) (3, 3, 1) (-4, 2, 1)
2.4. (2, 1, 4) (-1, 5, -2) (-7, -3, 2) (-6, -3, 6)
2.5. (-1, -5, 2) (-6, 0, -3) (3, 6, -3) (-10, 6, 7)
2.6. (0, -1, -1) (-2, 3, 5) (1, -5, -9) (-1, -6, 3)
2.7. (5, 2, 0) (2, 5, 0) (1, 2, 4) (-1, 1, 1)
2.8. (2, -1, -2) (1, 2, 1) (5, 0, -6) (-10, 9, -7)
2.9. (-2, 0, -4) (-1, 7, 1) (4, -8, - 4) (1, - 4, 6)
2.10. (14, 4, 5) (-5, -3, 2) (-2, -6, -3) (-2, 2, -1)
2.11. (1, 2, 0) (3, 0, -3) (5, 2, 6) (8, 4, -9)
2.12. (2, -1, 2) (1, 2, -1) (3, 2, 1) (-4, 2, 5)
2.13. (1, 1, 2) (-1, 1, 3) (2, -2, 4) (-1, 0, -2)
2.14. (2, 3, 1) (4, 1, -2) (6, 3, 7) (7, 5, -3)
2.15. (1, 1, -1) (2, 3, 1) (3, 2, 1) (5, 9, -8)
2.16. (1, 5, -7) (-3, 6, 3) (-2, 7, 3) (-4, 8, -12)
2.17. (-3, 4, -7) (1, 5, -4) (-5, -2, 0) (2, 5, 4)
2.18. (-1, 2, -3) (4, -1, 0) (2, 1, -2) (3, 4, 5)
2.19. (4, -1, 3) (-2, 1, 0) (0, -5, 1) (3, 2, -6)
2.20. (1, -1, 1) (-2, 0, 3) (2, 1, -1) (2, -2, -4)
2.21. (2, -4, -3) (5, -6, 0) (-1, 3, -3) (-10, -8, 7)
2.22. (1, -1, 2) (2, 1, 2) (1, 1, 4) (6, -3, 8)
2.23. (-1, 2, 4) (-1, -2, -4) (3, 0, -1) (7, -3, 1)
2.24. (0, -3, 1) (-4, 1, 2) (2, -1, 5) (3, 1, -4)
3. . :
1) , =0 =2 /8;
2) , , ;
3) , .
3.1. r =2/(1+cos ). 3.2. r =4/(2-3cos ). 3.3. r =1/(2-2cos ).
3.4. r =10/(2+cos ). 3.5. r =1/(2+2cos ). 3.6. r =1/(2+3cos ).
3.7. r =5/(2-cos ). 3.8. r =8/(3-cos ). 3.9. r =2/(3-4cos ).
3.10. r =5/(1-2cos ). 3.11 r =4/(3+cos ). 3.12. r =6/4+3cos ).
3.13. r =2/(2+5cos ). 3.14. r =3/(3+4cos ). 3.15. r =2/(3-2cos ).
3.16. r =3/(5-2cos ). 3.17. r =3/(2+4cos ). 3.18. r =5/(2-3cos ).
3.19. r =1/(4-cos ) 3.20. r =1/(3+cos ). 3.21. r =4/(1-cos ).
3.22. r =2/(5-3cos ). 3.23. r =1/(2-3cos ). 3.24. r =6(1+cos ).
4. :
1) ;
2) (x=A_-1 B);
: , .
4.1. | 1 2 + 73 = 6 21 + 32 - 33 = 10 31 + 22 + 53 =17 | 4.2. | 41 +92 + 23 = 1 71 + 2 - 43 = -13 81 + 32 - 3 = -13 | 4.3. | 81 + 42 + 33 = 7 21 + 62 - 23 = 4 31 +102 + 3 = 11 |
4.4. | 101 + 2 + 33 = 19 31 + 42 + 93 = 30 1 + 22 + 23 = 7 | 4.5. | 21 + 2 + 53 = 24 41 + 32 + 33 = 20 1 + 62 + 3 = 6 | 4.6. | 1 + 32 + 43 = 7 71 + 42 + 83 = 32 31 + 22 + 53 = 14 |
4.7. | 1 + 42 + 63 = 14 -21 +72 + 43 = 18 31 + 22 + 23 = 6 | 4.8. | 1 + 62 + 33 = 21 41 + 82 + 3 = 18 31 + 52 + 43 = 33 | 4.9. | 21 + 32 + 23 = 16 71 + 2 - 73 = 14 31 + 82 + 43 = 27 |
4.10. | 71 + 42 + 33 = 2 21 + 32 + 43 = -5 1 + 52 - 23 = -13 | 4.11. | 31 + 22 + 3 = 5 21 + 32 + 3 = 1 21 + 2 + 33 = 11 | 4.12. | 1 - 22 + 33 = 6 21 + 32 - 43 = 20 31 - 22 - 53 = 6 |
4.13. | 41 32 + 23 = 9 21 + 52 - 33 = 4 51 + 62 - 23 = 18 | 4.14. | 1 + 2 + 23 = -1 21 - 2 + 23 = - 4 41 + 2 + 43 = - 2 | 4.15. | 21 - 2 - 3 = 4 31 + 42 - 23 = 11 31 - 22 + 43 = 11 |
4.16. | 31 + 42 + 23 = 8 21 - 2 - 33 = - 4 1 + 52 + 3 = 0 | 4.17. | 1 + 2 - 3 = 1 81 + 32 - 63 = 2 41 + 2 - 33 = 3 | 4.18. | 1 - 42 - 23 = - 3 31 + 2 + 3 = 5 31 - 52 - 63 = -9 |
4.19. | 71 52 = 31 41 + 113 = - 43 21 32 + 43 = -20 | 4.20. | 1 + 22 + 43 = 31 51 + 2 + 23 = 20 31 - 2 + 3 = 9 | 4.21. | 51 + 32 - 3 = 4 1 + 52 + 53 = 12 31 + 42 - 23 = - 4 |
4.22. | 31 + 43 = - 5 1 + 22 = 3 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 | 4.23. | 2x1 + x2 - x3 = 5 x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 1 3x1 - x2 + x3 = 0 | 4.24. | x1 + 2x2 +2x2 = 9 2x1 - x2 +2x3 = 4 3x1 + x2 - x3 = 3 |
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5. - :
5.1. 3x1 + x2 - 8x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0 5.2. 7x1 + 2x2 - x3 - 2x4 + 2x5 = 0
2x1 - 2x2 - 3x3 - 7x4 + 2x5 = 0 x1 - 3x2 + x3 - x4 - x5 = 0
x1 + 11x2 - 12x3 + 34x4 - 5x5 = 0 2x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 + x4 + x5 = 0
5.3. x1 + x2 + 10x3 + x4 - x5 = 0 5.4. 6x1 - 9x2 + 21x3 - 3x4 - 12x5 = 0
5x1 - x2 + 8x3 - 2x4 + 2x5 = 0 -4x1 + 6x2 - 14x3 + 2x4 + 8x5 = 0
3x1 - 3x2 - 12x3 - 4x4 + 4x5 = 0 2x1 - 3x2 + 7x3 - x4 - 4x5 = 0
5.5. 2x1 - x2 + 2x3 - x4 + x5 = 0 5.6. 5x1 - 2x2 + 3x3 - 4x4 - x5 = 0
x1 + 10x2 - 3x3 - 2x4 - x5 = 0 x1 + 4x2 - 3x3 + 2x4 - 5x5 = 0
4x1 + 19x2 - 4x3 - 5x4 - x5 = 0 6x1 + 2x2 - 2x4 - 6x5 = 0
5.7. 12x1 - x2 + 7x3 + 11x4 - x5 = 0 5.8. x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 4x4 + x5 = 0
24x1- 2 x2 + 14x3 + 22x4 -2x5 = 0 2x1 - x2 + 3x3 + x4 - 5x5 = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 - x4 + x5 = 0 x1 + 3x2 - x3 - 6x4 - x5 = 0
5.9. 2x1 - x2 + 3x3 - x4 - x5 = 0 5.10. x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0
x1 + 5x2 - x3 + x4 + 2x5 = 0 x1 - 2x2 - 3x3 + x4 - x5 = 0
x1 + 16x2 - 6x3 + 4x4 + 7x5 = 0 2x1 - x2 - 2x3 + 3x4 = 0
5.11. 8x1 + x2 + x3 - x4 + 2x5 = 0 5.12. x1 + 3x2 - x3 + 12x4 - x5 = 0
3x1 - 3x2 - 2x3 + x4 - 3x5 = 0 2x1 - 2x2 + x3 - 10x4 + x5 = 0
5x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 - 2x4 + 5x5 = 0 3x1 + x2 + 2x4 = 0
5.13. 7x1 - 14x2 + 3x3 - x4 + x5 = 0 5.14. x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 - x5 = 0
x1 - 2x2 + x3 - 3x4 + 7x5 = 0 2x1 - 2x2 - 5x3 - 3x4 + x5 = 0
5x1 - 10x2 + x3 + 5x4 - 13x5 = 0 3x1 - 2x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 - x5 = 0
5.15. x1 + x2 + x3 - x4 - x5 = 0 5.16. 2x1 + x2 - 3x3 + x4 - x5 = 0
2x1 + x2 - 2x3 - x4 - 2x5 = 0 3x1 - x2 + 2x3 - x4 + 2x5 = 0
x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 - 2x4 - x5 = 0 x1 - 2x2 + 5x3 - 2x4 + 3x5 = 0
5.17. x1 + 2x2 - 3x3 + 10x4 -x5 = 0 5.18. 2x1 + x2 - x3 + 7x4 + 5x5 = 0
x1 - 2x2 + 3x3 - 10x4 + x5 = 0 x1 - 2x2 + 3x3 - 5x4 - 7x5 = 0
x1 + 6x2 - 9x3 + 30x4 - 3x5 = 0 3x1 - x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 - 2x5 = 0
5.19. 2x1 - 2x2 - 3x3 - 7x4 + 2x5 = 0 5.20. 3x1 + x2 - 8x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0
x1 + 11x2 - 12x3+ 34x4 - 5x5 = 0 x1 + 11x2 -12x3 - 34x4 - 5x5 = 0
x1 - 5x2 + 2x3 - 16x4 + 3x5 = 0 x1 - 5x2 + 2x3 - 16x4 + 3x5 = 0
5.21. 3x1 + 2x2 - 2x3 - x4 + 4x5 = 0 5.22 x1 + x2 +3x3 - 2x4 +3x5 = 0
7x1 + 5x2 - 3x3 - 2x4 + x5 = 0 2x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 x4 +3x5 = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 - 7x5 = 0 x1 + x2 + 5x3 5x4 + 6x5 = 0
5.23 x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 2x4 +x5 = 0 5.24 x1 + x2 + x3 + 2x4 +x5 = 0
x1 + 2x2 + 7x3 4x4 +x5 = 0 x1 2x2 3x3 +x4 x5 = 0
x1 + 2x2 + 11x3 6x4 + x5 = 0 2x1 x2 2x3 + 3x4 = 0
: 5x1 + 2x2 - x3 + 3x4 + 4x5 = 0
3x1 + x2 - 2x3 + 3x4 + 5x5 = 0
6x1 + 3x2 - 2x3 + 4x4 + 7x5 = 0
, ( ):
5 2 -1 3 4
3 1 -2 3 5
6 3 -2 4 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
, : , , , . .
1) , 1. ( , 0 ). (1) (2):
3 1 -2 3 5
5 2 -1 3 4
6 3 -2 4 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(1) (2):
1 3 -2 3 5 [-2], [-3]
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2 5 -1 3 4
3 6 -2 4 7
(2) (1) (3) (4) (5)
1- !
2) 2- 3- . 1- 1- 2- 2- . 3- . ( [ ].)
1 3 -2 3 5
0 -1 3 -3 - 6 [ -1]
0 -3 4 -5 -8
(2) (1) (3) (4) (5)
1- !
3) 1 2- , 2- 2- . (-1) . ( 2- . 0, 1- (!), 1- (!).)
1 3 -2 3 5
0 1 - 3 3 6 [ 3 ]
0 -3 4 -5 -8
(2) (1) (3) (4) (5)
2- !
4) 0 3- 2- . 2- (+3) 3-.
[ 1 3 -2 ] 3 5
[ 0 1 - 3 ] 3 6
[ 0 0 - 5 ] 4 10
(2) (1) (3) (4) (5)
, . . ( 3- , 2- 3- , .) , , , ( [ ]), : (2) (1) (3) -- ; , , , .
5) :
x2 + 3x1 -- 2x3 = -- 3x4 -- 5x5
x1 -- 3x3 = -- 3x4 -- 6x5
-- 5x3 = -- 4x4 -- 10x5
:
x3 = (4/5) x4 + 2x5
x1 = 3x3 3x4 6x5 = (- 3/5) x4
x2 = -- 3x1 + 2x3 3x4 5x5 = (2/5) x4 x5
6) , . , ( = 2). , .
1. x4 (1) = 5, x5 (1) = 0. x1 (1) = - 3, x2 (1) = 2, x3 (1) = 4
2. x4 (2) = 0, x5 (2) = 1. x1 (2) = 0, x2 (2) = - 1, x3 (2) = 2
: x = C1 x (1) + C2 x (2). ( 1, 2 ), :
[x1] = [ - 3 ] [ 0 ]
[x2] = [ 2 ] [ - 1 ]
[x3] = C1 [ 4 ] + C2 [ 2 ]
[x4] = [ 5 ] [ 0 ]
[x5] = [ 0 ] [ 1 ]
, x (1), x (2) , .
: , (.. 2), : x (1), x (2).
6. 2- . . .
6.1. x2 y2 +4xy + 2x 4y + 1 = 0 6.2. 2x2 + 2y2 -- 2xy -- 2x 2y + 1 = 0
6.3. 2xy + 2x 2y = 0 6.4. -- 2x2 -- 2y2 +2xy -- 6x + 6y + 3 = 0
6.5. 3x2 3y2+4xy-- 6x+ 4y+2= 0 6.6. -- 2xy -- 2x 2y + 1 = 0
6.7. x2 y2 -- 4xy -- 4x 2y +2= 0 6.8. --4x2 -- 4y2 +2xy +10x--10y +1=0
6.9. 2xy + 2x 2y -- 1 = 0 6.10. x2 + y2 + 2xy -- 8x 8y + 1 = 0
6.11. x2 + y2 + 4xy -- 8x 4y +1 = 0 6.12. x2 + y2 -- 2xy -- 2x + 2y -- 7 = 0
6.13. 2xy + 2x + 2y -- 3 = 0 6.14. 4x2 + 4y2 +2xy+12x + 12y +1 = 0
6.15. 3x2+3y2+4xy +8x +12y + 1 = 0 6.16. x2 + y2-- 8xy -- 20x + 20y + 1 = 0
6.17. 3x2+3y2-- 2xy--6x + 2y + 1 = 0 6.18. 4xy + 4x + 4y + 1 = 0
6.19. 3x2+3y2--4xy + 6 4y -- 7 = 0 6.20. -- 2xy -- 2x + 2y + 3 = 0
6.21. 2x2 + 2y2 +4xy +8x +8y +1 =0 6.22 x2 + y2 4xy +4x 2y +1 = 0
6.23 3x2 + 3y2 4xy +4x +4y +1 = 0 6.24 -4xy + 8x +8y +1 = 0
5x2 + 5y2 -- 2xy + 10x 2y + 1 = 0
1)
5x2 + 5y2 -- 2xy: A= [ 5 -1]
[-1 5 ]
2) :
Det (A E) = = (5 l)2 1 = 0
2 - 10 +24 = 0, , : 1 = 4,
2 = 6.
3) , :
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(5 )u1 u2 = 0
u1 + (5 )u2 = 0
1 = 4 u1 =u2
u (1) = (1; 1)T.
( () .) :
e (1)= u (1) / =(1; 1)T / .
(: u = (u1, u2)T, | u | = .)
2 = 6 u1 = -u2. u (2) = (1; -1)T :
e (2)= u (2) / | u (2) |=(1; -1)T / .
4) , S e (1), e (2) , .
.
5x2 + 5y2 -- 2xy = l1x12 + l2 y12 = 4x12 + 6y12.
,
(A x, x) = (AS x 1, S x 1) = (S TAS x 1, x 1) = ( A 1 x 1, x 1),
A1 =S TAS = diag(l1 , l2) = ,
.
:
4x12 + 6y12 + 5 (x 1+ y 1) -- (x 1 -- y 1) +1 = 0.
7) . , x 1 :
4x1 2 + 4 x1 = 4(x1 + /2)2 2.
c , y1:
6 y1 2 + 6 y1 =6(y1 + /2)2 3.
:
x2 = x1 + /2; y2 = y1 + /2,
4x2 2 + 6y2 2 4 = 0,
-- .
2