В английском и русском языках существуют слова, имеющие сходную форму и одинаковое значение. Например: football, diplomacy, president – футбол, дипломатия, президент. Такие слова принято называть «интернациональными словами», так как они входят в состав многих языков мира.
Интернациональное слово может появиться в языке либо путем заимствования его одним языком у другого, либо вследствие того, что данное слово заимствовано в оба языка из какого-то третьего языка (например, из французского или латинского). Особо следует отметить случаи использования во многих языках элементов латинского или греческого языка для образования новых словарных единиц: «микроскоп», «телевидение» и т.д.
Поскольку мы определяем интернациональные слова, как слова с одинаковым значением, становится ясно, что такие слова в английском и русском языках являются эквивалентами друг другу. Перевод их не представляет особой трудности, т.к. уже сама форма подсказывает переводчику нужное ему русское слово. Например: theory, Parliament, organization. Не следует недооценивать роль такой лексики в переводе. Для изучающего язык эти слова служат как бы опорами, на которых строится смысл текста.
Собственно интернациональные слова, полностью совпадающие по значению, встречаются сравнительно не часто. Гораздо чаще переводчику приходится сталкиваться с английскими и русскими словами, близкими по форме, но разными по значению. Вот несколько примеров таких слов:
lunatic – лунатик (на самом деле - сумасшедший);
complexion – комплекция (на самом деле – цвет лица);
prospect – проспект (на самом деле – перспектива);
cabinet – кабинет (на самом деле – шкаф или ящик);
cession – сессия (на самом деле – уступка);
fabric – фабрика (на самом деле – ткань) и т.д.
Такие слова принято называть псевдоинтернациональными. Перевод псевдоинтернациональных слов ставит перед переводчиком большие трудности. Именно эти слова часто называют «ложными друзьями переводчика», поскольку они могут вводить в заблуждение и провоцировать ошибки в переводе. Для начинающего переводчика псевдоинтернациональная лексика особенно опасна.
Особую опасность при переводе представляют слова, которые при наличии общего значения имеют еще и другие значения, не присущие русскому слову. Например: fiction – это не только фикция, но и художественная литература, беллетристика, false – это не только фальшивый, но и ошибочный, искусственный и т.д. К это же группе «ложных друзей переводчика» относится и немалое количество слов, у которых общее с русским сходным словом значение не является основным, ведущим, оно менее частотно и находится на периферии словарной статьи. Например: sympathetic – это сочувственный, полный сочувствия и исключительно редко симпатичный; partisan – это сторонник, приверженец и значительно реже партизан и т. д.
Поэтому переводчик должен хорошо знать все возможные случаи расхождения значений псевдоинтернациональных слов в английском и русском языках и с особой тщательностью исследовать значение такого слова в данном контексте. Общим правилом должно быть следующее: не спешит использовать в переводе слово, сходное по форме с английским. Убедитесь сначала, совпадают ли эти два слова по смыслу в данном контексте.
Наибольшую опасность для переводчика представляют псевдоинтернациональные слова, которые при внешнем сходстве имеют в английском и русском языках совершенно разные значения.
Такие слова являются «ложными друзьями» переводчика, т.к. провоцируют неверные перевод.
Упражнения
Упражнение 1: Прочтите английское толкование приводимых ниже слов – «ложных друзей переводчика». Переведите иллюстрирующие их примеры:
Примечание. Английское слово толкуется лишь в тех своих значениях, которые
расходятся со значениями его русского аналога.
1. pilot, n. 1. a person with a special knowledge of a particular stretch of water, esp. the entrance to a harbor, and is trained and specially employed to go on board and guide ships;
2. a person who directs, advises or guides through difficulties.
a) No ship is allowed to enter a port without a pilot.
b) He was my pilot through many expeditions.
2. academic, adj. too much concerned with theory and logic; not sufficiently practical, of no practical consequence.
The argument supplied by the opposition was purely academic and failed to convince anyone with a practical mind.
3. extravagant, adj. 1. (of people) wasteful, esp.of money;
2. (of habits and behavior) too costly.
a) We mustn’t buy roses – it is too extravagant in winter.
b) The young woman was a very extravagant person – she never cared to look at the price when she bought things.
4. extravagance, n. an example of being extravagant.
His extravagance explains why he is always in debt.
5. actual, adj. existing in fact, real.
a) It is an actual fact, I haven’t invented it.
b) What is the actual state of affairs?
6. alternative, adj.(of 2 things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another, other.
We returned by the alternative road.
7. attack, n. a sudden or unexpected period of suffering an illness, esp. one which tends to return.
The members of the expedition were totally exhausted by regular attacks of malaria.
8. resident, n. a person who lives (in a place) and is not just a visitor.
The name of the man you are looking for many be familiar to the permanent residents of the village.
9. residence, n. the state of residing.
Residence abroad is very important in studying a foreign language.
10. scandal, n. true or false talk which brings harm, shame, or disrespect to another, or damages smb’s reputation.
a) It’s no good repeating scandal about your close friend.
b) Society people usually enjoy a bit of scandal.
11. sensation, n. a general feeling in the mind or body that one cannot describe exactly.
I knew the train had stopped but I had the sensation that it was moving backwards.
12. intelligent, adj. having or showing power of reasoning and understanding, having a good mental capacity.
It takes a great deal of imagination to take these strange radio signals for a message from intelligent beings inhabiting distant planets.
13. intelligence, n. the power of seeing, learning, understanding and knowing; mental ability.
When the water-pipe burst, she had the intelligence to turn the water off at the main.
14. interest, n. 1. Money paid for the use of money; payment, or a sum paid for the use of money borrowed;
2. a share in a company, business, etc.
a) He received a loan at the bank at 6% interest.
b) Cowper wood had an interest in this business and hoped to reap good profit.
15. officer, n. a person with a position of authority or trust, engaged in active duties; a person who holds a position of some importance, esp. in government, a business, or a group.
a) Mason tried to contact the medical officer to report about the outbreak of a typhoid epidemic in his district and to ask for instructions.
b) Old Mrs. Bridge was so incompetent in legal matters that the very thought of dealing with officers of the court made her shudder.
16. control, v.1. to have power over someone or something; rule;
2. to have directing influence over someone or something; direct; fix the time, amount, degree, rate of (an activity);
3. regulate.
a) Not only does the Sun control the motion of the Earth and other planets, but all forms of life owe their very existence to the energy it radiates.
b) The pressure of steam in the engine is controlled by this button.
c) I wish he could control his excessive pride.
d) At that time Rome controlled a vast empire.
e) If the Conservative Government fails to control prices, the country’s economy may soon find itself in a mess.
17. control, n.1. power or authority to direct, order or restrain;
2. management, guidance;
3. means of regulating, restraining, keeping in order.
a) Remote control from the Earth makes it possible to operate the most sophisticated equipment on any unmanned space vehicle.
b) Control of epidemics involves mass vaccination.
c) Which party has control of the Congress?
18. pamphlet, n. a small paper-covered book, esp. on a question of public interest.
The report was issued in pamphlet form and occupied 30 pages.
19. student, n.(of smth.) a person with a stated interest; anyone who is devoted to the acquisition of knowledge.
The recently published work of the world-known ornithologist will be interesting to any student of bird-life.
20. fraction, n. a very small piece or amount.
Mrs. Oats was rather a close-fisted lady and usually spent only a small fraction of her earnings.
21. catholic, adj. (esp. of likings and interests) general, widespread, broad-minded; liberal, including many or most things.
This artist had not only a true appreciation of the old masters, but a good understanding of the moderns. In fact, he was a man of catholic views.
22. decade, n. a period of 10 years.
Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.
Задание 2: Определите, какие слова являются интернациональными, а какие относятся к псевдоинтернациональным («ложные друзья переводчика»). Переведите предложения.
Упражнение 1
engineer pioneer manifest fact
student prospect president lecture
legend director magazine logic
complexion massive ambulatory nomenclature
Упражнение 2
1. They needed a pilot to take their ship into the harbour. 2. He entered an air Force school to become a pilot. 3. All the pills are kept in the medicine cabinet. 4. With the help of a new programme scientists would be able to foretell the weather for decades. 5. You should give your arguments for the programme. 6. Let's use another conductor in the device. 7. She liked potatoes baked in their jackets. 8. The jury found the prisoner not guilty. 9. The surgeon extracted the lens of his left eye to replace it with an artificial one. 10. There was not much harmony in international affairs during these years. 11. He needed an instrument to extract the stopper.
Упражнение 3: Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом. Среди них вам могут встретиться и «ложные друзья переводчика».
1. Caroline was a dedicated athlete. Her elder sister nicknamed her “Miss Wimbledon”.
2. Eddie was convinced that body-building exercises could turn any weakling into an athlete.
3. The recent governmental crisis has brought about a reshuffle of the Cabinet.
4. Mrs. Leary was proud of her collection of fine china which was displayed in two walnut cabinets in her parlour.
5. It was obvious that the collapse of the bridge which was heavily guarded by the German troops was definitely not a mere accident but an act of sabotage.
6. The deliberate disregard for the administration’s instructions on the part of the staff was nothing but sabotage.
7. He was a young man of about eighteen, tall and wellbuilt, but with a sallow complexion which suggested poor health.
8. By the time the expedition was reached by the rescue party the men had run of food and had been living for several days on biscuit and water.
9. In the highly unsanitary conditions of the little African village every minor disease may prove fatal.
10. Among Shakespeare’s characters Hamlet is the one that allows of dozens of interpretations.
11. The rich collection of Egyptian parchments treasured at the Cairo museum keeps a record of the ancient civilization.
12. Peter kept practicing for months because he was set on breaking his own last year’s record in the high jump.
Упражнение 4: Подберите вариант перевода
| troops | журнал |
| guerilla | футляр; кино- / фотоаппарат |
| morale | сложный |
| securities | шкаф, ящик; музей; картинная галерея |
| party | цвет лица |
| player | пустота |
| critical | пеня |
| social | важный |
| interest | светский, вечерний, нарядный |
| period | участник |
| complex | подразделение; отряд |
| complexion | ценные бумаги |
| cabinet | дух (боевой) |
| camera | партизан |
| magazine | войска |
| partisan | фанатик; сторонник партии |
| arm | вечеринка |
Упражнение 5: Переведите интернациональные и псевдоинтернациональные слова
target language document contribution
data decade instance
simulation box boxing
lunatic hospital prospect
cession fabric progress
process sputnik revolution
element (техн.) cabin cable
flirt ammunition stopper
director speculation pathetic (person)
communication dramatic student
pilot
Упражнение 6: Подберите соответствующие эквиваленты:
а) английским словам – русские б) русским словам - английские
accurate - точный, правильный аккуратный – neat, careful, tidy
калиброванный
| ammunition | амуниция |
| balloon | баллон |
| benzene | бензин |
| camera | камера |
| camouflage | камуфляж |
| commutator | коммутатор |
| compositor | композитор |
| contour | контур (электр) |
| control | контроль (техн.) |
| convoy | конвой |
| decade | декада |
| decoration | декорация |
| detail | деталь (машины) |
| diagram | диаграмма |
| dislocation | дислокация (воен.) |
| diversion | диверсия |
| elevator | элеватор |
| fabric | фабрика |
| matrass | матрац |
| multiplication | мультипликация |
| replica | реплика |
| resin | резина |
| spectre | спектр |
| translate | транслировать |
Упражнение 7: Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.
1. Tolstoy devoted the remainder of his life to writing little pamphlets, preaching peace and love and the abolition of poverty. 2. The navigator on an aircraft must have a good eye for spotting the slightest error in case the robot pilot goes out of control. 3. The boy is quick and accurate at figures. 4. He kept that TV going from noon till long past midnight. Away from it for any length of time he actually became confused and disoriented. 5. His faith in himself and his project was a delicate thing at best. 6. She smiled and Joe was touched suddenly by the very special beauty of the lady-by the still-young blue of eyes that were more deeply sympathetic than truly young eyes could ever be. 7. This indecision consumed the better part of an afternoon. It was typical of the kind of paralysis into which his mind had fallen. 8. Covering a portion of wall from ceiling to floor, were several long strips of paper on which had been painted in black the legend: "It's later than you think." 9. We met at the academy, roomed together and immediately felt that rare and wonderful rapport that lights up when two people get along beautifully. 10. Efforts have been made to show that Wishart carried his doctrine into practice; that he was an agitator and may well have been an intermediary in the murder plot against Beaton.
Упражнение 8: Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод псевдоинтернациональных слов.
1. When he was fifteen Chopin entered his father's school for academic studies. 2. It was largely due to Elner’s sympathy and 'understanding that Chopin was able to evolve a personal style of writing almost from the very beginning of his creative career. His desire to leave Warsaw was intensified by a schoolboy love for Constantia Gladkowska, a singing student. A change of scene seemed the logical prescription. 4. He was bored with the city and agonized by his unrequited love. 5. His father provided him with funds and in fie summer of 1829 he came to Vienna. 6. World War I was a dramatic demonstration of the fact that capitalism had plunged into an incurable general crisis. 7. The President's tour of the flood-stricken areas dramatized the fact that the terrible tragedy presented, in the first place, a federal problem. 8. Reason told him he was in the presence of an archenemy, and yet he had no appetite whatever for vengeance. 9. More than 500 senior British scientists from 20 universities signed a pledge boycotting research for the American Strategic Defence Initiative, popularly known as Star Wars.
