( , , , ) . (K+; Na+; Mg2+; HPO42-; H2PO4-; HCO3-; Cl-), (, , .), . : , , .
-, , . , , - .
- , - .
.
- .
:
1. .
2. .
3. , - .
4. .
5. - .
.
1. . .
2. (. 5). .
3. . , .
4. , -, .
5. . . .
6. - . (. 6).
.
1. : . .., .., .. . .: , 2008. . 141-159.
.
1.
, [+] = 10-5 .
:
1. :
= -lg [+], = -lg 10-5= 5
2. :
= 14 - , = 14 5 = 9
1.
:
|
|
HPO42- + H+ ↔ H2PO4-
. -.
A. HPO42-
B. H2PO4-
C. +
D. H2O
E. H3PO4
2.
, . + (/) .
A. 10-1
B. 10-2
C. 10-3
D. 10-4
E. 10-5
3.
, - - : [OH-] = 1∙10-5 /. .
A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
E. 13
4.
: =7,2. - .
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
: 1 C, 2 A, 3 C, 4 B.
5.
25
Ka1 | Ka2 | Ka3 | ||
CH3COOH | 1.74´10-5 | - | - | |
H2CO3 | 4.5´10-7 | 4.8´10-11 | - | |
HCN | 6.2´10-10 | - | - | |
HF | 6.8´10-4 | - | - | |
H2S | 8.9´10-8 | 1.3´10-13 | - | |
HNO2 | 4.5´10-4 | - | - | |
H2C2O4 | 5.6´10-2 | 5.4´10-5 | - | |
H3PO4 | 7.6´10-3 | 6.2´10-8 | 4.4´10-13 | |
H2SO4 | 1.2´10-2 | - |
25
Ka | ||
HClO4 | 1010 | |
HBr | 109 | |
HCl | 107 | |
H2SO4 | 103 | |
HNO3 | 43.1 |
25
Kb1 | ||
NH3 (NH4OH) | 1.76´10-5 | |
LiOH | 6.8´10-1 | |
AgOH | 5´10-3 |
6.