, ( ):
. , , . , . . : , , , , . , , . . . . . .
, ( ): : , , , . . . . : . . . . .
(n) , (, , , , , .) .
.
, (, , , , .), 12 12, 6,021023.
(6,021023) . -1.
, , , , , , .
1 . /.
, (2) = 18 /, (NaOH) = 40 /, (HNO3) = 63 /.
, , , - - .
, .
1 , .. 6,021023 . (f.), ( ), (). /.
, , - - .
, .
f.() = , z -
- - ; -, ;
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- , - .
:
, | , |
( )= () ( Al2O3)= 102= 17(/) | |
( )= () ( H2SeO4)= 145=72,5(/) | |
( )= () ( Ca(OH)2)= 74=37(/) | |
( )= () ( Fe2(SO4)3)= 400=66,67(/) |
:
H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO4 , , ( 1, f= ), ( 2, f= ).
( H2SO4)=1 (H2SO4)=98 (/)
( H2SO4)= (H2SO4)=49(/)
- .
, :
, .
f(Na) = 1/1, f(S) = 1/2.
:
(Na) = f(Na) M(Na);
Ar(Na) = 23, M(Na) = 23 /, (Na) = (1/1)23 = 23 (/);
(S) = f(S) M(S);
Ar(S) = 32, M (S) = 32 /, (S) = (1/2)32 = 16 (/).
1. (..,1748; ,1789): , , , ( ). . , .
- : , . , .
:
∑m = ∑m
: H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 115 k
98 + 80 = 142 + 36
178 = 178
2. ( ; 1808)
C : ( , ).
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, (, SO2, SO3, NH3,CH4,H2O .). , . . . .
(, ) ( . , ). . (P, T). , (II) Fe0,89O Fe0,93O. (, , , ..) , , , .
: .
, : =12:16, ..3: 4 ( ) : = 12:32, .. 3:8 (2 ) .
(, , . .) : 11,19% 88, 81%., . (2 ) 20%.
3. ( , 1803):
, , , , . , .
, .. (: TiO1,46-1,56 TiO1,9-2,0), , (, 2042 2144).
4. . - ( ). , , . , , 2 1 , 2 .
5. . (1811): ( ) .
:
1. ( ) NA= 6,022 ∙ 1023( )
2. , 22,4 . (Vm): Vm = 22,4
..: = 273,15 (0); = 101,325 = 101325 = 1 . = 760 ..
3. , ,
V1 = V2
D;
(DH) (D.).
= 2DH; = 29D
. . , 1662 . (pV =const ), . . -, 1802 . ( ):
. , *:
, 1874 .
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R . Ÿ , : R = 8,314 /∙ = 62360 . .∙ / ∙.
* , : , , , . , .
6. . ( ) (). : =
:
= ,
.. :
n 1 = n 2
, , :
,
( ).
, , (1,0 .), 0,1 - (0,1 .), 0,01 (0,01 .)
: 22-29 /(*) [ 26 /(*)]. , 26 , .