(7) , . , 7 , 7-5 - , 4 - , 3 - , 2 - 1 - .
, , , , . , IP- ( 3) , Ethernet ( 2) - .
, , -, .. (), . - :
- (data unit) - , ;
- (message) - 7, 7;
- (hypertext) - 7-5, HTTP;
- (segment) - 4, (TCP, SPX);
- (packet) - 3 , (IP, IPX);
- (datagram) - , (IP, IPX), ;
- (frame) - 2 , (IEEE 802.3-802.6) ( LAPx);
- (cell) - 2-3 (., ATM - 53 ), ATM ( OSI);
- (frame) - () 1 , PDH SDH, 1 ( OSI);
- (bit/byte flow) - 1, ( OSI).
,
, , , , () ( ) .
, HTTP 7-5, - , TCP 4. IP-, IP 3. , Ethernet 2.
, .. , , ( ) ( () ).
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, 7-5, .. 4 , .
:
- - - - 6- 2 (-), ;
- - IP- - 4- (IPv4), 6- (IPv6) 3, .. () () / 3.
:
- - , ( .. MAC- );
- - , , . , , IP-.
-
-, 2, "" /, . , , - ( 16- , , 00-80-2) . , OUI (Organizationally Unique ID), . ( 16- , , 00-19-20) (SN). (DA) :
- (broadcast) , , , 16- FF-FF-FF, /;
- (multicast) , , 16- 00-00-01 (1 );
- (unicast) , , .
- : , Ethernet-, ( 2), .
IP-
IP- . , . ES . , , ( ), (TCP/IP AppleTalk), (3x2=6) . -
( ) , ( ) , .. ( "multihomed host").
IP- IPv4 - 32 4 , 4 , , 128.1.1.1, 128 - ( : , , , D), - , . IP- 12.
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IP-, , (, ). IP- : (DNS).