be determined; stand on one's rights; be firm in one's decision; keep to one's principles; choose the right road; follow sb's example; make an effort; not leave anything to chance; not lose hope; mean well; be a man of firm character; win.
Ex 48 Discuss the following, giving your arguments for or against.
1. You believe that the best time to marry is when you are young. In fact, the younger, the better. Your friend, a believer in late marriage, argues that when people are young they can easily make a mistake.
2. You are sure that a marriage will be a happy one if the young people have known each other for a long time. Your friend is sceptical about it.
3. A friend of yours is getting married. You think he (she) is making a mistake. Should you tell him (her) about it or not?
Ex 50 Subjects for oral and written composition.
1. Imagine you are (a) Coleman; (b) Maggie; (c) Rino; (d) a villager, and tell the story.
2. Give character sketches of (a) Coleman; (b) Maggie.
3. Explain how it happened that Coleman ruined his own happiness.
4. Try to imagine a different ending to the story.
5. The vastly changed role of the woman in the modern world.
* The student can bring out the difference in meaning in several ways as through suggesting other words combinations, giving situations, paraphrasing, or through translation.
* органы местного самоуправления
** kilt: юбка шотландского горца
*** pipes ( or the bagpipes): волынка
**** lightning: молния lightning bug (Am. E): firefly жук-светляк
* Note other possible forms of negative sentences: There isn’t a book on the shelf. There aren’t any pictures on the walls. There isn’t oil in that country.
* St.Paul’s Cathedral
** Some other changes should be observed in Reported Speech: “now” is changed to “then”, “tomorrow” – “the following day/the next day”, “here” – “there”, “this/these” - “that/those”.
* многоквартирный жилой дом
* «Золотые мечты»
* In modern English “will” is often used with the 1st person, sing and pl. The shortened form of “shall” and “will” is the same “ll”.
* научная фантастика
* The verbs “shall” and “will” according to the rules of sequence of tenses have the forms of “should” and “would” in the Future-in-the-Past. In modern English “would” is more common for all persons of the singular and plural. “Should” must be used when it has the meaning “Do you want me to…”
* as precious as gold: на вес золота
* Practise making statemants about the newspapers, eg This newspaper was founded in … It is published by … The paper comes out on Monday, Tuesday, etc (every day of the week except …). It is a daily (weekly). The price of a copy is …, etc.
* It will be noted that "few" expresses a negative idea and means "a very small number". It is often used with "very", eg There were very few books on the subject. "A few" expresses a positive idea, especially when used with "quite", eg There were quite a few books on the subject. Notice, however, that if "only" is used with "a few", then the meaning is again negative, eg There were only a few books on the subject.
* The Present Indefinite Tense is used instead of the Future in adverbial clauses of time and condition introduced by the conjunctions: "when", "before", "after", "as soon as", "till", "until", "if", "unless". The adverbial clause may either precede the principal clause or follow it.
* The Future Tense can be used after the conjunctions "if" and "when" if they introduce object clauses.
* "Much" is commonly used to intensify the meaning of the comparative degree eg "She speaks English much better than Nick."
* Note that the English for Шел сильный снег is "There was a heavy snow-fall" or "It snowed heavily".
* Aristotle (384-322 В. С.), Greek philosopher
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 В. С.), Roman satirist and poet
Michele de Montaigne (1533-1592), French essayist
* Note the interrogative and negative forms of "used to": "Did you use(d) to live here? Used you to live here? You used to live here, didn't you? Usedn't you to go to school with him? Didn't you use to go to school with him?"
* She has always been is also possible. It's less emphatic.
* In the principal clause of a complex sentence with an adverbial clause of time introduced by "before" both the Past Indefinite and Past Perfect are possible, eg "The family lived (had lived) in Leningrad before the war broke out."
* Dr: a written abbreviation for "Doctor".
* Some other changes should be observed in reported speech: "yesterday" is changed to "the day before/the previous day", "last Tuesday" to "the previous Tuesday", "last week/month, etc" to "the week before/earlier/previously", "two days, weeks, etc ago" to "two days, weeks, etc before", "at the moment" to "at the time".
** With a definite indication of the time of action, there will be no change in the tense form, eg "I lived in Leningrad when the war broke out," she said. → She said (that) she lived in Leningrad when the war broke out. He said: "I was born in 1961." → He said (that) he was born in 1961.
* The facts arranged in note form will look something like this:
Ostankino TV Tower
constructed in 1967—one of the world's tallest structures
height: 539 m, diameter at the base: 50 m
337 m level—an observation tower, etc.
* heir: наследник
* draper: торговец мануфактурой
* A complex object with Participle I is also possible with the verbs: see, watch, hear, etc, eg "I saw him cross (crossing) the street." Participle I is used to draw the attention to the process.
* After the verbs see, hear, feel a subordinate clause, not a complex object, is used if they denote mental perception, eg "I saw that he didn't believe me."
* Such verbs, as'like, hate, find, think, allow, get, tell, can also be used on the same pattern, eg "I hate you to take my books without letting me know." "He told me to do the job."
* The Continuous tense forms are seldom used i.n adverbial clauses of time introduced by "as" and should be avoided.
* Critical reading means asking and answering questions such as "Does my experience support that of the author?" "Am I of the same opinion as the author?" "Am I convinced by the author's arguments and evidence?"
** sidewalk (AmE) = pavement (BrE)
* Note, that in modern English "may" and "can" are often interchangeable. "Can I wait for him here?" is also correct.
* In colloquial speech "have got to" is used for "have to", eg "At what time have you got to be there?" "I’'ve got to be there by ten o'clock."
* "Be able" or "manage" is used sometimes in place of "could" to show that the effect was achieved: eg "He felt better in the morning, he was able (managed) to finish the work in time."
* magnifying glass: увеличительное стекло; лупа
* The students may give the messages of other novels they have read.
** It should not be supposed that every novel fits neatly into one of the above six categories. A novel which has a romantic theme may contain psychological analyses of its characters; a realistic novel may describe exciting adventures, etc This scheme of classification should not be taken too literally.
* «Бремя страстей человеческих», «Луна и грош», «Радости жизни» («Пряники и эль»), «Лиза из Ламбета»
* «Бремя страстей человеческих», «Луна и грош», «Радости жизни» («Пряники и эль»), «Лиза из Ламбета»
* poste restante: a post-office department to which letters can be addressed, to remain there until called for
* «Жажда жизни»
* With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, i. e. when the direct object becomes the subject of the Passive Construction, eg "The old house was sold to them very cheap."
** These verbs are used in the Passive Voice on the pattern of group (b). The verbs introduce, declare, deliver, present, recommend, prove, point out also belong here. The second Passive construction is not used with these verbs. Eg The rule was explained to me.
*** With these verbs practically only one passive construction is used, і. е. When the direct object denoting a person becomes the subject of the Passive Construction, eg "He was asked a lot of questions."
* Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877, a French painter
** РаЫо Picasso, 1881-1973, a Spanish painter
*** Aix, Aix-en-Provence: Cezanne's birthplace
* Reproduction of "Guernica" is desirable for demonstration to students.
* Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, 1845-1923, a German scientist
* the Atlantic (Ocean), Tenerife; South Is (= Isles) South Georgia
* the Atlantic (Ocean), Tenerife; South Is (= Isles) South Georgia
* a good beating: взбучка
* The Future Continuous Tense is not common in Modern English. The Perfect Non-Continuous Form is used instead. Eg "By this time next year I'll have worked at this problem for three years."
*The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used sometimes to denote an activity in its progress immediately preceding the moment of speech and serving at the same time as an explanation of or excuse for something.
* The Y. H. C. A.: The Young Men's Christian Association
** Mass: Massachusetts
*** Calisthenics: вольные упражнения
* take account of: учитывать
* Fatty: толстяк (прозвище)
** одно из студенческих обществ, обычно обозначаемых буквами греческого алфавита
*** crib: шпаргалка
* The student may speak of the architectural monument in Leningrad, Tbilisi, Gorky, etc.
* labor (AmE) = trade-union (BrE)
* wooden stand: трибуна
* get on with one's mother-in-law: ладить с тещей
* rent: квартирная плата
* pawnbroker: ростовщик
* Большая Среднезападная». The Great Midland is one of the biggest railways in the USA.
* The infinitive as subject without the anticipatory "it" (eg "To get a cup of tea at this hour is hopeless.") is not common in spoken English.
* The construction "I have my job to think about" is more emphatic than "I must think about my job."
* Note the correlation: too clever to do something; clever enough to do something; only to see something once to remember.
* bugle: труба; cornet: корнет-а-пистон
* орден «Военный крест»
* Lament: элегия
* A link-verb is used to form a compound predicate, eg "She is a teacher. ""It has become dark. "
* a fashionable street in London's West End
* a US coin worth ten cents
* Reproduction desirable for demonstration to students.
* Notre Dame: a small town in the USA
** Justice of the Peace: мировой судья
