LESSON ONE
Text: A Glimpse of London.
Grammar: There is... There are...
Be. Have.
Reported Speech.
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives.
A GLIMPSE OF LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain.1 The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2 "Today London is one of the largest cities in the world. Its population* is more than seven million. London is situated on both sides of the Thames. There are fourteen bridges across the Thames.
In fact, there are several Londons.3 There is the ancient City4 of London. It is the oldest part of London. There are no houses in the City, only large office buildings. The City is the country's financial and business centre. The Stock Exchange,6 the Royal Exchange,8 and the Bank of England7 are all there. During the day the City has a population of half a million. At night the City is a different place. There's no traffic and very few people. It's quiet and empty.
London has many faces'. There is the West End with its famous shops and hotels. It's the finest part of London." In the West End there are theatres, cinemas, museums, picture galleries, long streets of fine shops and many big houses. There are beautiful parks, too.
The Houses of Parliament,8 Whitehall,9 Downing Street10 are all in the West End. Whitehall is the street where all the Government offices are. It is the heart of the government of Great Britain.
If the City is the "money" of London, and the West End is the "goods"11 of London, then the East End is the "hands" of London.
Working-class London is in the East End. It is a district of docks, factories, poor little houses and narrow streets. Housing conditions in this part of London are very bad. Lots of old houses have no modern conveniences, They are damp, dirty and dark.
Every large city is full of contrasts, but London isthe city of contrasts.
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NOTES
1. Great Britain: Великобритания. Though Britain, or Great Britain, is often used as a name for the country as a whole, it is, in fact, the name of the larger of the British Isles, and Comprises England, Wales, and Scotland. The other big island, which lies to the West of Great Britain, is Ireland comprising Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
2. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. This is the country's full official name since 1921 when the Irish Republic became independent. The following shorter names are also correct: the United Kingdom (informally the UK), Great Britain, and Britain.
3. London stands for: the City of London (деловая часть города):
the county of London графство Лондон;
Greater London (London with its suburbs) Большой Лондон (город с пригородами).
4. The City: Сити. The City, the oldest part of London, has an area of just over one square mile, and many centuries ago, there was a wall around the City with gates in it. Used figuratively, the City stands for the country's commercial circles, and is often called "London's square mile of money".
5. Stock Exchange: фондовая биржа. It is the place where professional brokers buy and sell stocks, bonds and other securities of the big commercial firms. The Stock Exchange is an important part of the financial machinery of the country.
6. Royal Exchange: королевская биржа. At one time the building was used as a meeting place for the City merchants. Now it is no longer used commercially, the building houses the offices of several insurance companies.
7. Bank of England: английский государственный банк. The Bank of England is in Threadneedle Street. The Bank's other name is "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street". Old Lady refers to its traditional conservatism in financial matters. The name of the street comes from "to thread a needle" вдеть нитку в иголку. In olden times it was a tailors' street.
8. The proper name for the Houses of Parliament is the Palace of Westminster. The building of the Palace of Westminster is the seat of the British Parliament. The British Parliament has two Houses (Chambers): the House of Lords палата лордов and the House of Commons палата общин. -Used figuratively, Westminster stands for the British Parliament
9. Whitehall: Уайтхолл. In this street are the most important offices of the Government: the Home Office Министерство внутренних дел; the Treasury Казначейство, Министерство финансов; the Ministry of Defence Министерство обороны, and so on. Whitehall is synonymous with the British Government (its offices, or policy).
10. Downing Street: Даунинг-Стрит. The small street off Whitehall contains the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Министерство иностранных дел и по делам Содружества, and No 10 the official London residence of the Prime Minister. Thus, Downing Street may stand for the British Government, Prime Minister, or Foreign Office.
11. goods: букв. товары, здесь — витрина, где все выставлено напоказ.
VOCABULARY
full a 1. полный (заполненный до предела) The bus is full. 2. полный (наполненный кем-н/чем-н) Phr be full of people (books, buses, ideas, light, etc) 3. полный (не сокращенный) a full name (answer, text, etc)
population n население across prep через; по другую сторону (чего-н) There is a bridge across the river. The post office is across the street.
different а 1. иной, другой, не такой The street has a different name now. Phr be different from sb/sth отличаться от кого-н/чего-н 2. различный, разнообразный, разный different people (things, goods, places, questions, problems, etc); differ v различаться, отличаться The new Moscow greatly differs from the old Moscow, difference n различие, разница There is no (little, some, a wide, etc) difference between them; a difference in living conditions (colour, temperature, meaning, etc)
traffic n уличное движение There is much (little, no, etc) traffic in the street. The traffic is heavy (light) here. Phr traffic lights светофор; traffic rules правила уличного движения
quiet а тихий, спокойный a quiet place (street, sea, day, night; child, person; voice, etc)
empty a 1. пустой, незанятый an empty bag (room, bus, seat, etc) 2. пустой, бессодержательный an empty promise (talk, etc)
famous а знаменитый, известный a famous writer (name, picture, monument, etc) Phr be famous for sb/sth славиться кем-н/чем-н
government n 1. правительство Moscow is the seat of the Soviet Government. 2. управление, форма правления
modern а современный a modern author (museum, style, dress, industry, model, etc); modern history (literature, art, architecture, etc)
WORD COMBINATIONS
be situated быть расположенным, находиться
in fact фактически, в действительности
financial and business centre финансовый и деловой центр
picture gallery картинная галерея
the working class рабочий класс, трудящиеся
housing conditions жилищные условия
modern conveniences удобства (газ, водопровод, телефон, центральное отопление и т. п.)
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex 1. Answer the following questions:
1. Where is Great Britain situated? What is the country's full name? 2. What is the capital of Great Britain? How big is London? What is its population? Where is London situated? How many bridges are there across the Thames? 3. What is the oldest part of London? How important is the City in the life of the country? What is it like during the day? Why is it quiet and empty at night? 4. What other parts of London are there? 5. What is the West End famous for? 6. Where are the Government offices situated? What is in Downing Street? 7. Why is the City the "money" of London and the West End the "goods" of London? 8. What district is the East End? Why is it the "hands" of London? What are the housing conditions in that part of London? What are the houses of the working people like? 9. Why is London the city of contrasts?
Ex 2. Look through the text and notes once again, and explain:
1. the difference between:
(a) the British Isles, Great Britain, Britain, the United Kingdom, and England.
(b) London and Greater London.
2. what each of the following stands for:
(a) the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, London's square mile of money.
(b) the "money", the "goods", the "hands", the "lungs" of London.
3. the literal and figurative meanings of:
the City, Westminster, Whitehall, Downing Street.
Ex 3. Find in the text the English for:
полное наименование; административные здания; финансовый и деловой центр; правительственные учреждения; рабочий Лондон; район доков и фабрик; изобиловать контрастами
KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY
Ex 4. Make up five groups of three words associated in meaning or area of usage:
| river | district | home | house | metropolis |
| country | lake | capital | state | residence |
| city | county | sea | part | nation |
Ex 5. In (a) find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following. In (b) replace the words in bold type by their opposites. Make all necessary changes. Translate the sentences.
(a) small, modern, many, noisy, full, short, ugly, rich, big, wide, good, dry, clean, light.
(b) 1. The bottle is less than half full. 2. Turn down the radio, please. It's too loud. 3. The area is rich in minerals. 4. The weather was damp and cold. 5. The sun was up. It was light. 6. The bag was full and very heavy. 7. Every time he tells the same story. 8. The girl wants a shorter dress. 9. Old cities usually have narrow streets. 10. The film is too long. 11. That's a bad joke! 12. The country has a dry climate. 13. She likes this sort of heavy humour. 14. My friend lives in a noisy street. 15. The traffic is not so heavy in the morning as in the afternoon.
