[331] 1823 . , .
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LybyerA.. The Government of The Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent. Cambridge, Mass., 1913, p. 36.
[332] II (1429-1481, 1444 1451), . , . , ( ), . ( - ) .
[333] .
[49]
LybyerA.H.Op.cit.,p.57-58.
[334] , 1443 . 1475-1783 . .
[335] (. Yeni ceri. . ) 1330 . , , 9-12 . , , . XVII . , ; , - . II, III (1761-1808. 1789-1807), 15 1826 . .
[50]
Gislenii Busbecqii A. Omnia qual Extant. Leyden, 1633. p. 59 62.
[336] ; .
[337] : , .
[338] II (.. ) (1524-1574) 1566 .
[339] ( ) , , .
[51]
, , , , , , , , .
[340] (IXVIII . ..?) . : - ( . ), ; - ; . , , . , , , , 60 .
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|
[341] , . , , .
[342] , (, , , , , ) . - . , , .
[343] . 395-387 . .. . . , 146 . ..
[344] . .
[345] , . IV (. 262-241 .., 245 ..) 243 . .. , , . , . , , , , , . III (. 260 219 .., 235 221 ..) , IV, , . 228 . .. , , (271 213 ..). - . , , . ; IV, , .
[346] (. ) 25 .
[347] (1583-1654) , .
[348] . .
[349] ( ) . 30- XIX . .
[350].: . , XXVI. II 401-360 . ..
[52]
Huxley J.S. The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge, 1912, pp. 131-132.
[351] . . , .
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|
[352] (elan vital) . c , , , .
[353] , .
[53]
Bergson . Les Deux Sources de la Morale et de la Religion. Paris. 1932, pp. 180 181.
[54]
Ibid. p. 55.
[354] : natura naturans , , natura naturata, , , .
[355] - III . .. III . .., 800 . .. , .
[55]
Eliot Ch. Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. 1. London, 1921, pp. XIIXIII.
[356]Homo Occidentalis . .
[357] VII V . .. , , . - II . .. , , VIII . .. , ( . , , XII XV .). , ( ), 795 1192 . , . . , , , . - , . 1192 . . , , XII . , , , .
[358] .
[359] XIIIXV . .. ( , ). ; .
[56]
ires J. L. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I. Cambridge. 1924, pp. 1-2.
[360] , .
[361] 375 . , . , 378 . , . , , .
[362] .
[363] , , 338 . .. .
[364] (1- 264-241 2- 218-201, 3- 149-146 ..) . (1- 215-205, 2- 200-197, 3- 171-168 ..), , ( ) .
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|
[365] . , , : , , ( , ). , 30 , 100 ; . ( ) ( : , ) , .
[366] 133 . .. 31 . .. , .
[367] , ( 640 635 . 559 ..), ; .
[368] , . , ( . alimentum , ). , I III ., , .
[369] , 1861-1865 .
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Carr-Saunders A.M. The Population Problem. Oxford, 1922, . 116- 117.
[370] , 200-35 . , , 50-40 . , . . XX . , : , , Homo, .
[371] , , , , Homo.
[372] - . . : , .., .. , . : , , , , . , , . . XX ., . .
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[373] , .
[374] , (, ), .
[375] VIV . ..: . II . ..: I . ..
[376] , : , , (), (). , .
[58]
Bergson . . cit., . 189.
[59]
Spengler . Untergang des Abendlandes. Bd. Berlin. 1920, S. 318 320.
[377] (1852-1907) , , .
[60]
Demolins . Comment la Route Cree le Type Social, vol. II, Paris, 1918.
[378] . ; , 100 . .
[61]
.: Wells H. G. The Outline of History. London, Cassel, 1920.
[379] . . (1809-1898) .
[380] . .. (1766-1834) . , , . . ; , .
[381].: . 32. 24-25. , ( . 28) , . , .
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Siegfried A. England's Crisis. London. 1931, pp. 125 126.
[63]
(.).
[64]
Smuts J. Op. cit., pp. 253-254.
[65]
Bergson . . cit. . 22.
[66]
.: Smuts J. . cit., . 335.
[382] , - .
[67]
Bergson . . cit., . 333.
[68]
Smuts J. . cit., . 306.
[69]
Ibid., . 305.
[70]
Smuts J. . cit., . 336.
[71]
Bcrgson . . cit., . 96.
[72]
Bergson . . cit., pp. 74. 181.
[383] (I . ..). 1705 . . (1663-1723). . (1736-1819), 1784 . 1803 . (1771-1833), 1814 . . (1781-1848). , 59 , (1867-1912) (1871-1948) 1903 . (1872-1936) 1906 . - . , , 1916 . , .
[384] . . 30- XIX . , 50- .. (1823-1913), , . 1859 . .
[385] . (1819-1892) 1845 . .. (1811-1877), 1846 ., . . (1812-1910), .
[386].: . 5, 13: .: . 9, 50; . 14, 34.
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Wells H.G. Democracy and Revision. London. 1927. p. 42.
[74]
Bergson H.Op.cit., . 181.
[75]
Ibid., . 99.
[76]
(trasfr) (.) , . .
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[387] . . . . (. 1, 17-18).
[388]. (480-547) . , , .
[389] . .
[390] ( , , 566-476 563-473 ..) ( ). , . ( ): (, , ) , () . . , . , , . 49- ( ), , .
[391] (. 175 . 170 ..), , IV , , . IV , .
[392] ( , , ) , .
[393] . XVIII . .
[394] 510 . .. . I 508 . .. , .
[395] , , 276 . .. , , 262 . .. .
[77]
Ibn Haldun. Mlikaddamat. vol. II. Paris. 1863 1868. p. 437.
[78]
Bergson . . cit., pp. 235-236.
[396] , , I II . .. ; 58 .
[397] ; , , . ; . .
[398] , , , , , . , , . , , .
[399] , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , ; . , . , , , . .
[400] , , , . , , ; , . , ; . , , .
[401] , , (, ), , .
[402] (; . ) - .., , , .
[403]- , . . .
[79]
. . ., 1936, . 115.
[404] (. ) . , 16 622 . XII .
[80]
Ibn Haldun. . cit., vol. I, p. 28.
[405] .
[406] .
[407] , (572-634, . 632), , (, . ) 690-709 .
[408] - ; .
[81]
Ib Haldun. . cit, vol I, pp. 62-68.
[409] 1933 . (1866-1925), 1911-1913 ., , , ( ), -, . 1916 . 1950 . . , : , , . 1931 . , - - . 1937 . .
[410] 1566 . . 1572 . ( ) , .
[411] , . , , , , , (2 . 1-7). , 6 , , , .
[82]
Davis N. W. . Medieval Eur. London, . 6.
[412]Habitus . , . , .
[83]
Spengler . . cit. . 322.
[84]