1. k N R: (m, n)Î R ,
m - n k. , R N.
2. N ´ N R Q:
() ((a, b),(c, d))Î R Û a + d = b + c;
() ((a, b),(c, d))Î Q Û a×d = b × c.
, R Q N ´ N.
3. M = N ´ N. M R : (a, b) R (c, d) ,
() ab = cd; ) a + b = c + d.
, R M. [(1,1)], [(2,2)], [(4,3)], [(1,23)] [(6,8)] R.
4. H: xHy , (x - y) - . , H .
5. N R: mRn , m / n = 2 k k.
() , R N.
() [1] R, [2] R, [3] R [4] R?
() [6] R, [7] R, [12] R, [24] R, [28] R, [42] R [48] R?
6. M K Í M. R b(M): ARB , A Ç K = B Ç K, A, B Îb(M).
() , R b(M).
() M = {1,2,3} K = {1,2} R.
() M = {1,2,3,4,5} K = {1,2,3} [ A ] R, A = {2,3,4}.
() M = {1,2,3,4,5} K = {1,2,3} M R.
() M R, | M |= n | K |= m.
7. M . M :
() ; () ?
8. , iM - M .
9. , R M iM Í R. , iM M.
10. , .
11. , .
13. , R , R- 1 .
14. , - M M.
15. R 1 R 2 M ={1,2,3,4}, R 1È R 2 M.
16. , ᒺ R 1È R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1È R 2= R 1 R 2.
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17. , R R R = R.
18. R 1 R 2 M ={1,2,3,4}, R 1 R 2 M.
19. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2 = R 1È R 2.
20. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 ,
() R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1; () R 2 R 1 Í R 1 R 2;
() R 1 R 2 - ; () R 1 R 2 = R 1 R 2 È R 2 R 1.
21. , R 1 R 2 - , (R 1È R 2)* .
22. , R 1 R 2 - , (R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1)* .
23. , R 1 R 2 - , (R 1È R 2)* = (R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1)*.
24. , R 1 R 2 - R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1, R 1 R 2 = (R 1È R 2)*.
25. R 1 R 2 - R 1 R 2= R 2 R 1. , R 1 R 2 , R 1È R 2.
26. R 1 R 2 - . , , R 1È R 2, (R 1È R 2)*.
27. R 1 R 2 - . , , R 1È R 2, (R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1)*.
28. , { Ri }, i Î I Q , Ri Í Q - R Ri Í R Q Í R ( Q , Ri)
29. Q M = {1,2,3,4}, R.
() R = {(2,4),(3,1)};
() R = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,3)};
() R = {(1,2),(2,2),(1,3),(2,3),(4,2)}.
30. , { Ri }, i Î I Q, Ri, ( Ri)*.
31. R M. , Q M , R Í Q.
R M ={1,2,3,4,5}, Q.
() R = {(1,1),(1,2),(4,2),(5,4)};
() R = {(2,4),(3,3),(3,2),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(5,5)};
() R = {(2,2),(3,3)}.
Q - M/Q.
32. , R M Q, R, (R È iM È R- 1)*.
33. R M = {1,2,3,4}, , Q, R, M, Q = M ´ M.
34. M = { a 1, a 2,..., an } R , Q, R, M, Q = M ´ M.
35. R M = { a 1, a 2,..., an }, M, R, M, Q = M ´ M.
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() .
36. , R * R .
37. , R * R R, R * = R.
38. R M = {1,2,3,4}, R * = R .
39. R 1 - , R 2 - R 1Í R 2. , R 1*Í R 2.
40. , Q, R, R *.
41. R 1 R 2 - M. , R 1 R 2 R 1 ,
() R 2 R 1 R 2Í R 1 R 2 R 1; () R 1 R 2 R 1 = R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1.
41. R M Pr1 R ÈPr2 R=M. , R M.
43. , R M, R Ç R- 1 M.
44. R M. , R , (R R- 1) È iM = R.
45. , R M , , xRy xRz yRz, x, y, z Î M.
46. , R :
() x Î[ x ] R;
() (x, y)Î R Û [ x ] R = [ y ] R ;
() [ x ] R = [ y ] R , [ x ] R Ç [ y ] R =Æ.
47. , R
() (x, y)Î R; () [ x ] R Ç[ y ] R ¹ Æ; () [ x ] R =[ y ] R.
48. f: A B - . R ={(x, y) | f (x)= f (y)}. , R A f f = e f 1, e - A A / R, f 1 - A / R f (A) ( ).
49. C - A B. RC A : x, y ÎPr1 C (x, y)Î RC , C (x)Ç C (y)¹Æ.
,
() RC ;
() RC , C ;
() x Î A (x, x)Ï RC, (x, y)Ï RC y Î A;
() C , RC ;
() C , RC - A.
50. C A B QC A, : x, y ÎPr1 C (x, y)Î QC , | C (x)Ç C (y)| = 1.
, R A C A B, R = QC.
51. R 1 R 2 - A. ,
() R 1 R 1= A 2 Û R 1= A 2; () R 1 R 2= A 2 Û R 2 R 1= A 2.
52. ,
() { A, }; () { A Ç B, A \ B, B \ A, Ç }; () { A D B, A Ç B, }
E A, B Í E.
53.
() A = { a, b, c }; () A = {Æ,{Æ}}.
³
1. , () Í.
2. , iA A.
3. a £ b Û a, b Î N a b. , £ - N.
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4. R Z : mRn , m - n 䒺 . , R - Z. R ?
5. R T: aTb , a /(a 2+1) £ b /(b 2+1), a,b Î R. ,
() T R;
() T [1;¥);
() T (-¥;-1].
6.
() M = { a, b }; () M = { a, b, c }; () M = { a, b, c, d }.
7. M - R b(M) Í. | R | M.
() M ={1,2}; () M ={1,2,3}; () M ={1,2,3,4}; () M ={1,2,..., n }.
8. M ={1,2,3,4}. b(M) R : (A, B)Î R , A B . ǒ, R . | R |.
9. , M x 1£ x 2£...£ xn £ x 1, x 1= x 2=...= xn.
10. M - . R b (M)´ b (M): (A, B) R (C, D) , A D B Í C D D, A, B, C, D Î b (M). R ?
11. £ A A, £ B - B. A B A ´ B £: (a 1 ,b 1)£(a 2 ,b 2) Û a 1£ Aa 2 b 1£ Bb 2. , £ A ´ B;
12. : £ A A, £ B - B, £, , A ´ B.
13. , A B A ´ B , ½ A ½= 1, ½ B ½=1.
14. Q Rn n : (a 1, a 2,..., an) Q (b 1, b 2,..., bn) , a 1£ b 1, a 2£ b 2,..., an £ bn. , Q Rn.
15. M - . R b (M)´ b (M): (A, B) R (C, D) , A Í C B Í D, A, B, C, D Î b (M). , R
() ?
() ?
16. M - P - M. R 1, R 2Î P R 1£ R 2 , (a, b)Î R 1 (a, b)Î R 2 a, b Î M.
, £ P.
17. R N 2: (a, b) R (c, d) , a £ c b ³ d. R ?
18. () b (M) M R: (A, B)Î R , ᳺ A B, A, B Î b (M). R b (M)?
19. R N 2 : (a, b) R (c, d) , a b c d a×d £ b×c. , R N 2.
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20. :
() B 3, B ={0,1}; () A 3, A ={ a, b, c }.
21. , A * A.
22. ϳ B A £ A, - a, b Î A c Î B , a £ c £ b b £ c £ a.
R
() N;
() Z;
() Q;
() ?
23. , R - , R- 1 .
24. { Ri } i Î I - A. , Ri - A.
25. R - M. , R M , R Ç R- 1 = iM.
26. R 1 R 2 - A. R 1È R 2?
27. R 1 R 2 - A. R 1 R 2?
28. R 1 R 2 - A. R 1 R 2 A?
29. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1 R 1Ç R 2 - 1 = Æ.
30. R - (, ) A, B - A R 1 - R. (, )
() R B; () R 1 A; () R 1 B?
31. R - (, ) A B Í A (B ¹Æ). , R Ç B 2 (, ) B.
32. R - A, , B - A. , R Ç B 2 B, ?
33. , R M , R È R -1 = M 2.
34. , ᒺ R 1È R 2 R 1 R 2 M M , R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1 Í R 1È R 2 R 1Ç R 2-1 = iM.
35. R 1 - , R 2 . , R 1 R 2 R 1 , R 2 R 1 R 2Í R 1 R 2 R 1 R 1Ç R 2 = Æ.
36. , ᒺ R 1È R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2È R 2 R 1Í R 1È R 2.
37. , R A , R = iA.
38. £ - A. < A: a < b , a £ b a ¹ b. , < .
39. , < A , x £ y Û (x < y x = y) A.
40. , M k f: M Nk, ai, aj Î M ai < aj f (ai)< f (aj).
41. , R * R R, R * = R.
42. , R * R M M , R * . R.
43. £ < - N. ,
() < < ¹ <; () £ < = <; () £ ³ = N 2.
44. N 2000 R , mRn , m n. N 2000 ? N 2000 , , . Nk k Î N.
45. M a .
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() M ={ a, b }; () M ={ a, b, c }; () M ={ a, b, c, d }.
46. , - () .
47. , () () .
48. ,
() , ;
() , ;
() , ;
() .
49. , - A .
50. , () , () . ?
51. A . , - a Î A b c A ,
() a £ b b A;
() c £ a c A.
52. C R M n ?
53. C - R M n . C M
() ; () ;
() ; () .
55. :
() N 2; () N È N 2È N 3È...È Nn È...; () C .
56. , N .
57. ,
() N, 0<2<4<...<1<3<5... ;
() N, ...4<3<2<1 .
() Z, 1<2<3<...<0<-1<-2<-3<... .
58. , Z .
59. , - .
60. :
() Q ;
() R ;
() 1-1/ n, n Î N .
61. , - .
62. M, R M , R -1 M.
63. , - .