1. M = {1,2,3,4,5}. R M Pr1 R, Pr2 R, R -1, R R, R R -1, R -1 R R (3):
() R = {(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(4,1),(4,3),(4,4)};
() R = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,5),(4,1),(5,4)};
() R = {(2,4),(2,5),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(5,2)};
() R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,2),(4,3),(5,1),(5,5)}.
2. R N
() R = { (m,n) | m n };
() R = { (m,n) | n m };
() R = { (m,n) | m - n k, k Î N };
() R = { (m,n) | m < n }
Pr1 R, Pr2 R, R -1, R R, R R -1, R -1 R, .
3. ³ R N
1) (1,1)Î R; 2) (m, n)Î R, (m +1, n)Î R (m, n +1)Î R.
, R = N ´ N.
4. ³ R N
1) (1,1)Î R;
2) (m, n)Î R, (m +1, n)Î R, (m +1, n +1)Î R (m +1, n +2)Î R.
R.
5. P :
F = {(x, y) ½ x, y Î P x y };
D = {(x, y) ½ x, y Î P x y }.
:
() F F; () D F; () F -1 D -1;
() D D; () D F -1; () D -1 F;
() F D; () F -1 D; () D -1 D -1.
6. M = {1,2,3,4}
R 1 = {(1,1),(1,3),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,3),(4,1)},
R 2 = {(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,2),(3,1),(3,4),(4,2)}.
X M ( , X ),
() R 1 X = R 2; () R 2 X = R 1; () (R 1 R 2) X = R 1;
() X R 1 = R 2; () X R 2 = R 1; () (R 2 R 1) X = R 1.
7. M = {1,2,3,4} R = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,3),(3,4),(4,4)}. T S M, T ¹ S R T = R S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,4)}.
8. , R M
() Pr1 R = Æ Û R = Æ Û Pr2 R = Æ;
() Pr2 R = Pr1 R -1;
() Pr1 R = Pr2 R -1;
() Pr1 R = M Û iM Í R R -1;
() Pr2 R = M Û iM Í R -1 R.
9. , -
() R È R = R Ç R = R; () (R 1 \ R 2)-1 = R 1-1 \ R 2-1;
() (R -1)-1 = R; () -1;
() (R 1È R 2)-1 = R 1-1È R 2-1; () ( Ri)-1 = Ri -1;
() (R 1Ç R 2)-1 = R 1-1Ç R 2-1; () ( Ri)-1 = Ri -1.
10. ,
() R 1 (R 2 R 3) = (R 1 R 2) R 3;
() (R 1 R 2)-1 = R 2-1 R 1-1;
() ( Ri) Q = (Ri Q);
() Q ( Ri) = (Q Ri);
() R 1 R 2 = Æ Û Pr2 R 1ÇPr1 R 2 = Æ.
11. , Ri, i Î I Q M
() ( Ri) Q Í (Ri Q); () Q ( Ri) Í (Q Ri)
.
12. R 1 R 2 M = {1,2,3} , R 1 R 2 R 2 R 1 .
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13. R 1 R 2 - M. : = 1 2.
14. X M , R M R X = X R.
15. R - M. , R R 1= R 1 R = R 1 R 1 M , R = iM.
16. , R H = H R = H R , H= Æ.
17. R -1 = ?
18. , R 1Í R 2, Q
() Q R 1 Í Q R 2; () R 1 Q Í R 2 Q; () R 1-1Í R 2-1.
19. M = {1,2,3,4}
R 1 = {(1,1),(1,3),(2,2),(2,4),(3,1),(3,3),(4,2),(4,4)};
R 2 = {(1,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,3),(4,1),(4,4)};
R 3 = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(1,2),(3,1),(3,3),(4,1)};
R 4 = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,4),(2,2),(2,4),(3,3),(3,4),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4)};
R 5 = {(1,2),(1,3),(2,3),(2,4),(4,1),(4,3)}.
,
() ;
() ;
() ;
() ;
() .
, .
20. , .
21. Z :
(m,n)Î R 1Û m-n ;
(m,n)Î R 2Û m+n ;
(m,n)Î R 3Û m-n £ 100;
(m,n)Î R 4Û m-n ;
(m,n)Î R 5Û m+n ;
(m,n)Î R 6Û m/n ;
(m,n)Î R 7Û m/n ;
(m,n)Î R 8Û m* n ;
(m,n)Î R 9Û m* n ;
(m,n)Î R 10Û m-n 2;
(m,n)Î R 11 Û m n ;
(m,n)Î R 12 Û m £ n;
(m,n)Î R 13 Û m n;
(m,n)Î R 14 Û m / n 2.
,
() ;
() ;
() ;
() ;
() ;
() .
22. R 1 R 2 - M, C 1 C 2 . C
() R 1È R 2; () R 1D R 2; () ;
() R 1Ç R 2; () R 1 R 2; () iM È R 1;
() R 1\ R 2; () R 1-1; () R 1\ iM.
23. , R 1 R 2 R 1È R 2, R 1Ç R 2, R 1-1 R 1 R 2 .
24. , R - k =0,1,2,... R ( k ) .
25. , R 1 R 2 R 1È R 2Í R 1 R 2.
26. R - M. : R R - , R .
27. , R M ,
() iM Í R; () iM Ç R = iM; () iM È R = R.
28. Ri, i Î I - M. :
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
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() Ri Rj - , Ri Rj , i, j Î I;
() Ri- 1 - , Ri .
29. R - M (| M | = n). :
() R , | R |³ n;
() | R |³ n, R .
30. R M M, R; r (R).
, R M
() r (R)= R È iM;
() R Í R¢ R¢ - , r (R)Í R¢.
31. , R 1 R 2 , R 1È R 2, R 1Ç R 2, R 1-1.
32. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 .
33. Ri, i Î I - M. :
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri Rj - , Ri Rj , i, j Î I;
() Ri- 1 - , Ri .
34. R 1 R 2 M = {1,2,3}, R 1 R 2 .
35. , R 1 R 2 R 1È R 2, R 1Ç R 2, R 1-1, R 1 R 1-1.
36. , R - k =0,1,2,... R ( k ) .
37. , R ,
() R = R -1; () R -1Í R; () R Í R -1.
38. R M M, R; s (R).
, R M
() s (R)= R È R -1;
() R Í R¢ R¢ - , s (R)Í R¢.
39. , R M , R Ç R -1=Æ.
40. , R Pr1 R =Pr2 R.
41. : R Pr1 R = Pr2 R, R .
42. , R , ,
() R -1; () .
43. R 1 R 2 M ={1,2,3,4}, R 1 R 2 .
44. R 1 R 2 - M. , R 1 R 2Í R 2 R 1, R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1.
45. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1.
46. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 2 R 1Í R 1 R 2.
47. Ri, i Î I - M. :
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri Rj - , Ri Rj , i, j Î I;
() Ri- 1 - , Ri .
28. , R 1 R 2 R 1Ç R 2 R 1-1 .
48. , R M , R Ç R -1Í iM.
49. , ᒺ R 1È R 2 R 1 R 2 M , R 1Ç R 2-1Í iM.
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50. Ri, i Î I - M. :
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri Rj - , Ri Rj , i, j Î I;
() Ri- 1 - , Ri .
51. R - M (| M | = n). | R |? R M ?
52. , R M , R R Í R.
53. , R , R R = R.
54. , R .
55. , R , R -1.
56. , .
57. , R - k =0,1,2,... R ( k ) .
58. R 1 R 2 M ={1,2,3,4} ,
() R 1 R 2 - ; () R 1 R 1= R 1;
() R 1 R 2 - ; () R 1È R 2 - ;
() R 1 R 1¹ R 1; () R 1È R 2 - .
59. , R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2 = R 2 R 1.
60. , ᒺ R 1È R 2 R 1 R 2 , R 1 R 2 È R 2 R 1 Í R 1È R 2.
61. Ri, i Î I - M. :
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri - , Ri , i Î I;
() Ri Rj - , Ri Rj , i, j Î I;
() Ri- 1 - , Ri .
62. , R R R = R. ?
63. . R M, R - , , (a,b)Î R (b,a)Î R (a,a)Î R.
64. R M = {1,2,3,4},
() , ;
() , .
65. R M = {1,2,3}, .
66.
() , , ;
() , , ;
() , , ;
() , , ;
() , , ;
() , , ;
() , ;
() , , , .