4. What are the two meanings of the word “culture”?
5. How do you address strangers?
6. Introduce yourself formally.
7. Introduce yourself informally.
8. What can a person do with his/ her time?
9. Is it necessary to make appointments in Russia? When is it necessary? When isn’t it necessary?
Match the words
1. punctually a. proof
2. take for granted b. Ability
3. affirmation c. Exactly
4. acceptance d. Importance
5. capability e. Accept for granted
6. significance f. Request
7. demand g. Recognition
Correct the replies
1. Sorry, I interrupted you. — You are welcome.
2. How about a drink? — Don’t mention it.
3. Thanks for the lovely evening. — That’s all right.
4. Best of luck in your new job. — Thank you very much.
5. I didn’t get the job. — That’s true.
6. Could you hand me that file? — Of course. Here you are.
7. Do you mind if I smoke? — No, of course not.
8. I think it is going to rain. — Not at all.
9. Thank you for a delicious meal. — Glad you enjoyed it.
10. How about something to eat? — Yes, of course.
11. You must come round for dinner. — Really?
12. Do you mind if I open the window? — I’d rather you didn’t.
13. My car broke last night. — Certainly.
14. Our team’s lost the match. — Never mind. Better luck next time.
15. Would you like to come to dinner? — Don’t worry.
Read and translate the dialogues
Formal Invitation
Bill: Hello, Mr. Jones. This is Bill Stanley speaking.
John: Oh, hello, Mr. Stanley.
Bill: How are you enjoying your stay in our country?
John: I am enjoying it very much, thank you.
Bill: By the way, are you doing anything tomorrow night?
John: Nothing special as far as I know.
Bill: Well, would you care to join us for dinner?
John: Yes, with pleasure.
Bill: Fine. I’ll come round at about seven and pick you up at your hotel.
John: That would be very nice, thank you.
Informal Invitation
John: Hello, Bill! I’ve been looking all over for you.
Bill: Oh, hi, John. What’s up?
John: Well, Vicky and I are having some people over Friday night. I wonder if Susan and you would like to come.
Bill: Oh, sounds great. What time do you suppose?
John: Um, around seven.
Bill: Can I bring anything?
John: It’s basically a wine and cheese and if you want to bring a bottle — that would be fine. Oh, dress casually — it won’t be anything fancy. Do you have our address?
Bill: No, come to think of it, I don’t. Just a minute, I’ll get a pen.
Translate from Russian into English.
1. Слово «культура» понимают по-разному. 2. Когда человек попадает в новую социальную среду, он сталкивается с новыми для него нормами поведения. 3. Существуют правила, как знакомить людей друг с другом. 4. Мы знаем, как обращаться к незнакомым людям. 5. Известны ли Вам основные нормы поведения в англоязычных странах? 6. Американцы гораздо чаще используют прозвища, чем англичане. 7. Американцы любят говорить о своем доме, образовании и достижениях. 8. Деловые люди всегда пунктуальны. 9. Работая или отдыхая вместе с носителями языка, будьте вежливы и дружелюбны. 10. Улыбайтесь, и люди обязательно улыбнутся Вам в ответ.
8. Define whether particle to is a preposition or a part of the infinitive.
1. It often refers to music, literature, art, and higher education.
2. The person faces a new set of customs and attitudes to try to understand.
3. Men are introduced to women, young people to older ones, old friends to newcomers, and young girls to married.
4. One can say something less formal: “Nice to meet you,” “I am glad to meet you,” or “Happy to have met you.”
5. It is not the custom to drop in on acquaintances without calling.
6. Usually women are not presented to a man.
Additional reading
Invitations
If you are having a party, you can call your friends and invite them. You can also send a written invitation which would be more official. Invitations can be written on special cards or by letter. When sent by the mail, they must give the following information: the date, the time, the place, the kind of party, who the party is for, and who is giving the party. The R.S.V.P. meens that you ask those who will receive the invitation to call you or send you a message indicating if they will or will not come. (R.S.V.P. is from French, meaning “Please, answer”).
The form of acceptance or regret depends on the form of invitation received. If you want people to call, you need to include your phone number.
Sometimes the invitation will specify the type of dress — formal or informal.
Formal: “Black tie” means dinner jacket for men,
“White tie” means full evening dress (tails) for men, evening gown for women.
Informal: dark lounge suit for men and elegant (cocktail) dress for
women. Casual: everyday dress.
Thank-you-notes are usually written to thank someone for a gift, or for allowing you to stay several days in one’s home. Some thank-you- notes have a printed message and you can just sign your name. Others do not have a printed message allowing you to write your own.
Party Etiquette
1. On receiving the invitation give your “yes” or “no” answer promptly.
2. Never break an engagement without advance notice. If you cannot make it, write or telephone to express your regret.
3. Do not come before the time indicated in the invitation. Try not to be late. Come on time.
4. Do not shake hands with the hostess, unless she gives hers.
5. Stand up when introduced. Ladies may remain seated.
6. Show your appreciation of the hospitality offered.
7. When leaving a party, thank the host and hostess, say good-bye but do not attract undue attention of the other guests.
8. Do not overstay. Do not trespass on the host hospitality.
9. Do not press refreshments, especially strong drinks upon unwilling guests.
10. The host and hostess should see that nobody is neglected, that all guests are involved in a conversation of a general nature, that all of them are enjoying the party.
11. Write thank-you-notes to thank someone for a gift or for allowing you to stay at the host’s home for several days.
Table Etiquette
1. Do not eat too fast or too slowly, do not chomp while eating.
2. Do not speak with your mouth full.
3. Do not attract undue attention to yourself in public.
4. When eating, take as much as you want, but eat as much as you take.
5. Take a little of every dish that is offered to you.
6. Do not reach across the table. If something is on the other side of the table, say “Would you please pass the salt?”
7. Do not start eating when everyone is served unless the hostess says “Start eating, please, your food might get cold.”
8. When refusing a dish, say “No, thank you.”
9. When accepting a dish, say “Yes, please.” If you want some more of a dish, say “May I have some more meat (fish, salad, cake, etc.)?”
10. Do not leave the spoon in your cup when drinking tea or coffee. Put it on a special stand or on the saucer.
11. Eat cakes with forks, not spoons.
12. To indicate that you have finished (have had enough), place knife and fork on the plate together, not criss-crossed.
LESSON 9
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. You are going to read an article about environmental pollution. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose one sentence from the sentences A-I to fit each gap. There is one extra sentence you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).
A. In addition, if farmers suddenly stopped using chemical fertilisers andpesticides, there could be less food to feed the people of the world.
В. Other pollution comes from large areas.
С. Badly polluted air can harm crops and cause life-threatening illnesses.
D. The consequences of pollution can be very dangerous.
E. Nearly everyone would like to have pollution reduced.
F. However, pollution can also be invisible, odourless and tasteless.
G. They also poison the soil and waterways.
H. All the ecosystems of the earth are connected.
Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human activity harms the natural environment. Most people have witnessed environmental pollution in the form of an open garbage dump of a factory pouring out black smoke. 1(F) Some kinds of pollution do not actually dirty the land, air, or water, but they reduce the quality of life for people and other living things. For example, noise from traffic and machinery can be considered forms of pollution.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity and other life forms today. 2() Some air pollutants have reduced the capacity of the atmosphere to filter out the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Many scientists believe that these and other air pollutants have begun to change climates around the world. Water and soil pollution threaten the ability of farmers to grow enough food. Ocean pollution endangers many marine organisms.
Many people think of air, water, and soil pollution as distinct forms of pollution. However, each of the parts of an environment — air, water and soil — depends upon the others and upon the plants and animals living within the environment. The relationships among all the living and nonliving things in an environment make up an ecological system, called an ecosystem. 3() Thus, pollution that seems to affect only one part of the environment may also affect other parts. For example, sooty smoke from a power plant might appear to harm only the atmosphere. But rain can wash some harmful chemicals in the smoke out of the sky and onto land or into waterways.
Some pollution comes from one specific point or location, such as a sewage pipe spilling dirty water into a river. Such pollution is called point source pollution. 4() Water can run off farmland and carry pesticides and fertilisers into rivers. Rain water can wash gasoline, oil, and salt from highways and parking lots into the wells that supply drinking water. Pollution that comes from such large areas is called nonpoint source pollution.
5() Unfortunately, most of the pollution that now threatens the health of our planet comes from products that many people want and need. For example, automobiles provide the convenience of personal transportation, but they create a large percentage of the world's air pollution. Factories make products that people use and enjoy, but industrial processes can also pollute. Pesticides and fertilisers aid in growing large quantities of food. 6()
To end or greatly decrease pollution, people would have to reduce use of cars and other modern conveniences, and some factories would have to close or change production methods. Because most people's jobs are dependent on industries that contribute to environmental pollution, shutting down these industries would increase unemployment. 7()
Over time, however, pollution can be reduced in many ways without seriously disrupting people's lives. For example, governments can pass laws that encourage businesses to adopt less polluting methods of operation. Scientists and engineers can develop products and processes that are cleaner and safer for the environment. And individuals around the world can find their own ways to reduce environmental pollution.
Vocabulary.
chemical fertilisers минеральные удобрения
pesticides пестициды
life-threatening illnesses заболевания угрожающие жизни
poison яд
environmental pollution загрязнение окружающей среды
garbage dump свалка
ultraviolet radiation ультрафиолетовое излучение
to endanger подвергать опасности
sooty smoke закопченные дымом
a sewage pipe spilling разлив канализационных труб
to reduce уменьшать
to contribute внести свой вклад
to shut down закрыть
parking lots парковки
a source pollution источник загрязнения
