, , . 1) 2) ; 3) 4) ; , 5) , 6) . , .
(1) , , . (Kuhl, 1978b) , , . (2), .
, ( ) (3) . , , . (Butzkamm, 1981) , . ( ) 50 60% . . , .
, , (Halisch, 1983) , ( ) ( , ) . ( - 0,46).
(4) , ( ). (Heckhausen, 1978) , ( ) ( ) , . , , , , . . , , , , . , (. . 14.8). , , . -
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: , . 14.17, (!)
.
. 14.17. , , (Heckhausen, 1978, S. 204)
(5) , , (Meyer, 1973b), . , , , , , .
(Butzkamm, 1981) , ( - *) ; (Heckhausen, 1978), , ( ).
(6) , . (Butzkamm, 1981) , . . ; .
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- . , .
, (. 8).
, , , , , , . , , , . , ( ) . , , .
:
, . , , , . , , . (Foersterling, 1985, 1986), (Heckhausen, Krug, 1982).
(( -
, , (deCharms, 1968, 1976) . - . - : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) , ; 5) ; 6) .
, , , (deCharms, 1968, 1973) : , , , ,
, . . , , (Ryan, Grolnick, 1986). (. deCharms, 1976). , , , , , . 3 4 , . , , ( ).
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, (Dweck, 1975; Schunk, 1982,1983, 1984), (Chapin, Dyck, 1976; Fowler, Peterson, 1981) (Andrews, Debus, 1978; Wilson, Linville, 1982,1985), (Zoeller, Mahoney, Weiner, 1983), (Medeway, Vernino, 1982) (Anderson, 1983) (Vorwerg, 1977) (Gattling-Stiller, Gerling, Stiller, Voss, Wender, 1979; Krug, Hanel, 1976; Krug, Peters, Quinkert, 1977).
. (Andrews, Debus, 1978) - , . (Zoeller"et al., 1983) . - (Wilson, Linville, 1982, 1985) - , , (, , ; , ). - (Gattling-Stiller et al., 1979) , , , .
. , ( ) : , . : 1) , 2) 3) .
, 16 , (Krug, Hanel, 1976) : , , , , ( ) . , , . , . ( ) .
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( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), . , . , , , , , , . , , (McClelland, Winter, 1969).
, 5-6- ( IQ 70), , - (Krug, Peters, Quinkert, 1977) . (Krug, Hanel, 1976), . . , . , : ,, ,
. , . (. . 14.18) ( ).
. 14.18. 5-6-
, ,
) , ) (Krug, Peters, Quinkert, 1977, p. 673).