, - , (Dyck, Rule, 1978). , , . (Kelley, 1971), , . (Deci, 1975), , , . . , . (Enzle, Hansen, Lowe, 1975).
( , ), . () (Kelley, 1967), () (Jones, Davis, 1965).
, . , , , , . , , . , , - ~ .
. , - (Epstein, Taylor, 1967). (Taylor, 1965), ( ) . . , , , (), 50%- , 13% , 83%. (Kelley, 1971) . (83%) , ; , , - , . , , .
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. . , , , . (Buss, 1961). . , ( , .: Baron, Eggleston, L972), , .
, () , 50, 13 83%. , . (Kelley, 1971). . , (50% ) ( - ) . ( ). , , . . , , , . . . . : , . , .