1957 . , 15 , , -
. , , , , (Lewin, Dembo, Festinger, Sears, 1944). , , . , , .
-, . ( ), ( ).
-, ( t G) . , ( t). , ( ) , , (Atkinson, 1964, . 254).
-, . (We) (Wm) :
We + Wm = 1,00 (.. Wm = 1 - We)
-, , . , : , , , (.: Feather, 1959b; Karabenick, 1972; Schneider, 1973, S. 160). , () () (Wc) (Wm):
- 1 - We: A = 1-W m = - W, W - 1 - W.
, , , . , Va(G) =/(?, G), (Lewin, 1938) - ( G) ( £) (V) (VJ :
|
|
V = xA;V =M xA.
, , . . , , (,) , , () . , , , , .
, . (Halisch, Heckhausen, 1988). , . 8 , .
(W) (W), (.) () :
~ xA xW;
= xA xW.
m m m m
: = + , :
-( W) + {M xA xW).
- ( = 0). . , , . , , . , (Atkinson, 1957) ( ) . , - (Hillgruber, 1912), , , , , , (Atkinson u. Feather, 1966).
, , , ,
|
|
, , - (.: Heckhausen, 1984b). - . , - , (1957), , , . ( , ., .: Heckhausen, 1963b; Locke, 1968.)
- , , , , , - .
: = , (1 - We) - = W - W (\ - WJ), : Tr= (- Mm) x (We - W*).
- , (1 - W) We - We = 0 We = 1 , We = 0,50. ( ) , , () , . . 5.20 , : ) , ; ) , - . . 5.20 , ( ) , . . ,
, 0 -1. , -, . , , , (, ). . () , : r = Te + Tm +Tex.. 8 :
1. , . . , , . -
, , , .
2. , . . , ( ). , , , , , . ( ).
|
|
3. . , (, ), ( ) .
4. , . . , . , , ' ( ).
5. . (, , ).
6. . , (Tm= Mmx Anx Wm) , .
7. ( ) , ( ) , , ,
. , , .
8. , , , , . , . , , .
. 5.20. ( )
; ) [- = 1);
) (-=-1); )
. , . , , , . , . , . , (Heckhausen, 1980; Heckhausen, Schmalt, Schneider, 1985). (-
|
|
, ) , , 8 .
(Rotter, 1954) . , . (Bolles, 1972) R 5*-, . . . - , , (Rotter, 1954, . 84). (Rotter, 1954, 1955, 1960), . , . . , . . , . , , , .
, (behavior potential, ), 1) (expectancy, E), ' s, (reinforcement, R), 2) (reinforcement value, RV) . (Rotter, 1955) :
BP-f(E&RV).
, (). - . , . . , . , .
: . -
, : -, ( ); -, GE ( : =/( & GE).
(Rotter, 1954) , , , - (GE), . , . , . . , , ( ), ( ). , , , . . , . 1-- ( ) (Rotter, 1966). (GE) , (Rotter, 1966, 1982; Rotter, Chance, Phares, 1972; Lefcoint, 1976; Phares, 1976).
|
|
(Rotter, 1975) , - .
(. . ) , , . , , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , ( , , ) . : (. . , , 50% ) , .
, . , , , 100%- () , 50%-.
, (Rotter, Liverant, Crowne, 1961). , . , , , , . 25, 50, 75 100% . (. . ) . 10%, , , . . 5.21 .
? , , , , . . , , ; . , , , , . , , . , , , , ( , ). .
, , ? 50%- , ( , . , ). , 50%- , , . 25 75% , , 14 , .
, (BV), (Rotter, 1955) 1950- . , :
sx £ , s, b , s,. , , (ibid., p. 255-256).
. 5.21. , (Rotter, LJverant, Crowne, 1961, , 172)
:
( ) .
, (Rotter, 1955) , (Peak, 1955), -. . ( ) 1) , , , , 2) , , . , , , -, , (), , -, , . , . . 5.22 .
70- . , , / . 1962 . (Rotter, Seeman, Liverant, 1962), , . (Klandermans, 1983) , , . 31 5 4 . , - , .
. 5.22. , (Peak, 1955, . 155)
. , (Rosenberg, 1956) . , . (Carlson, 1956) , -
. (Ajzen, Fishbein, 1969) , .
, (Georgopolous, Mahoney, Jones, 1957), (Vroom, 1964) . . , , . , .
(Georgopolous, Mahoney, Jones, 1957) , , ( , ) . 621 10 . , , : (). . , . , . , , . . . , , , , (), .