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6. . .




5. .

. .

1. . .

, H2SO4().

. , , .

() 1 , (.. /), (Δ f 0298 . 2, [1]

, , :

H2() + 2O2() + S() = H2SO4(), Δ f 0298 H2SO4 = −811,3 /.

. ( 2, [1]).

, .

2. .

-

() + 2() = 2()

.. 298 .

. U . - (, ) Δ rU , - (QV,T), :

QV,T = - Δ rU.

.

- ( ) Δ r , - (Qp,T), :

Qp,T = - Δ rH.

:

Δ rrU + ∆ν RT,

∆ν .

Δ r < 0, ; Δ r > 0, .

( 2, [1]):

Δ f 0298,/

() 0

2 () −393,5

() −110,5

.. 298 :

Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;

Δ r 0298 = 2Δ f 0298 − Δ f 0298 − Δ f 02982 = 2(−110,5) 0 (−393,5) =

= 172,5 . Δ r 0298 > 0, .

:

Δ rrU + ∆ν RT.

rU 0298 = ∆ rH 0298 ∆ν RT =

= 172,5 18,3129810−3 = 170,02 . ( ∆ν = 2 − 1 = 1 ).

R =8,31 /..

3. . .

NH3 :

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O();; D r H0 1 = - 571,68 (1)

4 NH3 + 3 O2 = 6 H2O(;) + 2 N2 ; D r H0 2 = - 1530,28 (2).

. : , , .. .

, :

½N2 + 3/22 = NH3; D r H0 3 = Df H0NH3=?;(3).

(1) (2) 2 () 2, (3), , (1) (2), (1) 3 (2):

62 + 32 4N3 32 = 62 () 62 () 2N2 () (4).

(4) 4 (3). :

(3D rH0 1 D r H02)/4 = D rH0 3. :
D r H0 3 = [3(571,68) ( 1530,28)] / 4 = 46,19 ();

.. ∆ f 0 NH3 = 46,19 /.

4. . .

:

() + 2() = 2(); (1),

:

2() + 2() = 2(); ∆ rH 0298 = −221 (2)

2() + 2() = 22(); ∆ rH 0298 = −566,1 (3).

. : , , .. .

, (1), (2) (3) 2. ∆ rH 0.

rH 01 = (∆ rH 02 − ∆ rH 03)/2 = [−221 (−566,1)]/2 = 172,5 .

5. .

-

() + 2() = 2()

298 1000 , .

. ( 2, [1]):

Δ f 0298,/ 0 298, /.

() 0 8,54

2 () −393,5 37,41

() −110,5 29,14

 

.. 298 :

Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;

Δ r 0298 = 2Δ f 0298 − Δ f 0298 − Δ f 02982 = 2(−110,5) 0 (−393,5) =

= 172,5 . Δ r 0298 > 0, .

298 ÷ , , :

rH 0 T = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ ∆ r 0 pdT,

298

r0 298 − 298; rp0 − .

,

r0p = const, :

r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( − 298),

0 , 298 .

:

r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2(29,14) 8,54 37,41 = 12,33 /.

r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( − 298)

.. 1000 :

r 01000 = 172,5 + 12,3310−3(1000 − 298) = 172,5 + 8,66 = 181,16 .

, 702 5%.

6. , .

. , 1 3 .

. , . :

2() = 2().

, . ( 2, [1]):

Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;

r 0298 = ∆ f 02982f 02982 = −285,84 (−241,84) = −44 .

Δ r 0298 < 0, .

Δ r , - (Qp,T):

Qp,T = - Δ rH.

2, 1 3. ρ = 1 /3, 13 : m = ρ V = 1106 .

2 ν2 = m /M2 = 106/18 = 5,56104 .

1 44 , 5,56104

Q = 445,56104 = 2,45106 .

7. .

, 60% 2 40% 4, : = 286 /; = 890 /.

. :

2() + ½2()2(); = 286 /;

4() + 22()2() + 22(); = 890 /.

:

Δ r 0 = ∑ν i Δ fi 0 − ∑ν j Δ fj 0 .

Q , 13 .

13 600 2 400 4, 600/22,4 2 400/22,4 4. ( 22,4 /).

:

Q = D ×(1000/22,4),

:

Q = 286×(600/22,4) + 890×(400/22,4) = 7660,7 + 15892,8 = 23550 /3.

 

6. . .

. .

1. .

() + 2() = 2()

298 1000 , .

. S , , /().

. (. IV, [2]; 4, [3]):

f S 0298, /(K) 0 298, /()

() 5,74 8,54

2 () 213,68 37,41

() 197,54 29,14

.. ( /) 298 , ∆ rS 0298 ( ):

Δ rS 0298 = ∑ν i fS 0298, i − ∑ν j fS 0298, j . ,

f S 0298 - 298 (. IV, [2]; 4, [3]); ν i - .

:

Δ rS 0298 = 2 S 0298,S 0298,S 0298,2 = 2(197,54) 5,74 213,68 =

= 175,66 /K.

298 , , .

298 ÷ , ,

rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∫ (∆ r 0 p/) dT,

298

rS 0298 − 298 ; ∆ r 0 p − .

:

r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2.(29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /.

, ∆ r 0 p = const. :

rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∆ r 0 (ln ln298).

rS 01000 = 175,66 + 12,33ln(1000/298) = 175,66 + 14,93 = 190,59 /.

, , , 702 8,5%.

2. . .

() + 2() = 2()

298 1000 . .

.r rS .

, G - , , G = H TS.

- :

rG = (∆ rH TrS) < 0.

1). , , . ∆ r 0 p = 0,

r 0 T = ∆ r 0298rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 .

rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298TrS 0298.

, 1. (Δ rS 0298 = 175,66 /K) 5. (Δ r 0298 = 172,5 ).

rG 0298 = 172,5 298 175,6610−3 = 120,15 , ∆ rG 0298> 0;

rG 01000 = 172,5 1000 175,66 10−3 = −3,16 , ∆ rG 01000 < 0.

, 298 ( ). , 1000 , , .

2). ∆ rG 01000 :

r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2.(29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /.

rG 0 :

rG 0 = ∆ rH 0 −TrS 0 = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ ∆ r 0 pdT + rS 0298 + ∫ (∆ r 0 p/T) dT.

298 298

, ∆ r 0 p = const. :

rG 0 T = ∆ rG 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( 298) - T .r 0 (ln ln298).

rG 01000 :

rG 01000= ∆ rG 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( 298) - T .r 0 (ln ln298) =

= 120150 +12,33. (1000-298) 1000.12,33(ln1000 ln298) =

= -9430 = -9,43 , ∆ rG 01000 < 0.

, ∆ rG 0 T, .

3. .

() + 2() = 2()

.

. , rG 0 < 0. ( ), rG 0 , :

rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ 298r 0 pdT + rS 0298 + 298(∆ r 0 p/T) dT < 0.

rH 0rS 0 , ( ) :

rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298TrS 0298< 0.

Δ r 0298 = 172,5

Δ rS 0298 = 175,66 /K, (. 3), :

rG 0 =(172,5 175,6610−3) < 0.

> 982 . , .

,





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