5. .
. .
1. . .
, H2SO4().
. , , .
() 1 , (.. /), (Δ f 0298 . 2, [1]
, , :
H2() + 2O2() + S() = H2SO4(), Δ f 0298 H2SO4 = −811,3 /.
. ( 2, [1]).
, .
2. .
-
() + 2() = 2()
.. 298 .
. U . - (, ) Δ rU , - (QV,T), :
QV,T = - Δ rU.
.
- ( ) Δ r , - (Qp,T), :
Qp,T = - Δ rH.
:
Δ r =Δ rU + ∆ν RT,
∆ν .
Δ r < 0, ; Δ r > 0, .
( 2, [1]):
Δ f 0298,/
() 0
2 () −393,5
() −110,5
.. 298 :
Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;
Δ r 0298 = 2Δ f 0298 − Δ f 0298 − Δ f 02982 = 2(−110,5) 0 (−393,5) =
|
|
= 172,5 . Δ r 0298 > 0, .
:
Δ r =Δ rU + ∆ν RT.
∆ rU 0298 = ∆ rH 0298 ∆ν RT =
= 172,5 18,3129810−3 = 170,02 . ( ∆ν = 2 − 1 = 1 ).
R =8,31 /..
3. . .
NH3 :
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O();; D r H0 1 = - 571,68 (1)
4 NH3 + 3 O2 = 6 H2O(;) + 2 N2 ; D r H0 2 = - 1530,28 (2).
. : , , .. .
, :
½N2 + 3/22 = NH3; D r H0 3 = Df H0NH3=?;(3).
(1) (2) 2 () 2, (3), , (1) (2), (1) 3 (2):
62 + 32 4N3 32 = 62 () 62 () 2N2 () (4).
(4) 4 (3). :
(3D rH0 1 D r H02)/4 = D rH0 3. :
D r H0 3 = [3(571,68) ( 1530,28)] / 4 = 46,19 ();
.. ∆ f 0 NH3 = 46,19 /.
4. . .
:
() + 2() = 2(); (1),
:
2() + 2() = 2(); ∆ rH 0298 = −221 (2)
2() + 2() = 22(); ∆ rH 0298 = −566,1 (3).
. : , , .. .
, (1), (2) (3) 2. ∆ rH 0.
∆ rH 01 = (∆ rH 02 − ∆ rH 03)/2 = [−221 (−566,1)]/2 = 172,5 .
5. .
-
() + 2() = 2()
298 1000 , .
. ( 2, [1]):
Δ f 0298,/ 0 298, /.
() 0 8,54
2 () −393,5 37,41
() −110,5 29,14
.. 298 :
Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;
Δ r 0298 = 2Δ f 0298 − Δ f 0298 − Δ f 02982 = 2(−110,5) 0 (−393,5) =
|
|
= 172,5 . Δ r 0298 > 0, .
298 ÷ , , :
∆ rH 0 T = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ ∆ r 0 pdT,
298
∆r0 298 − 298; ∆rp0 − .
,
∆r0p = const, :
∆r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( − 298),
∆0 , 298 .
:
∆ r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2(29,14) 8,54 37,41 = 12,33 /.
∆r0 = ∆r0298 + ∆r0( − 298)
.. 1000 :
∆ r 01000 = 172,5 + 12,3310−3(1000 − 298) = 172,5 + 8,66 = 181,16 .
, 702 5%.
6. , .
. , 1 3 .
. , . :
2() = 2().
, . ( 2, [1]):
Δ r 0298= ∑ν i Δ f 0298, − ∑ν j Δ f 0298, ;
∆ r 0298 = ∆ f 02982 ∆ f 02982 = −285,84 (−241,84) = −44 .
Δ r 0298 < 0, .
Δ r , - (Qp,T):
Qp,T = - Δ rH.
2, 1 3. ρ = 1 /3, 13 : m = ρ V = 1106 .
2 ν2 = m /M2 = 106/18 = 5,56104 .
1 44 , 5,56104
Q = 445,56104 = 2,45106 .
7. .
, 60% 2 40% 4, : = 286 /; = 890 /.
. :
2() + ½2() → 2(); = 286 /;
4() + 22() → 2() + 22(); = 890 /.
:
Δ r 0 = ∑ν i Δ fi 0 − ∑ν j Δ fj 0 .
Q , 13 .
13 600 2 400 4, 600/22,4 2 400/22,4 4. ( 22,4 /).
:
Q = D ×(1000/22,4),
:
Q = 286×(600/22,4) + 890×(400/22,4) = 7660,7 + 15892,8 = 23550 /3.
6. . .
. .
|
|
1. .
() + 2() = 2()
298 1000 , .
. S , , /().
. (. IV, [2]; 4, [3]):
f S 0298, /(K) 0 298, /()
() 5,74 8,54
2 () 213,68 37,41
() 197,54 29,14
.. ( /) 298 , ∆ rS 0298 ( ):
Δ rS 0298 = ∑ν i fS 0298, i − ∑ν j fS 0298, j . ,
f S 0298 - 298 (. IV, [2]; 4, [3]); ν i - .
:
Δ rS 0298 = 2 S 0298, − S 0298, − S 0298,2 = 2(197,54) 5,74 213,68 =
= 175,66 /K.
298 , , .
298 ÷ , ,
∆ rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∫ (∆ r 0 p/) dT,
298
∆ rS 0298 − 298 ; ∆ r 0 p − .
:
∆ r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2.(29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /.
, ∆ r 0 p = const. :
∆ rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 + ∆ r 0 (ln − ln298).
∆ rS 01000 = 175,66 + 12,33ln(1000/298) = 175,66 + 14,93 = 190,59 /.
, , , 702 8,5%.
2. . .
() + 2() = 2()
298 1000 . .
. ∆ r ∆ rS .
, G - , , G = H TS.
- :
∆ rG = (∆ rH T ∆ rS) < 0.
1). , , . ∆ r 0 p = 0,
|
|
∆ r 0 T = ∆ r 0298 ∆ rS 0 T = ∆ rS 0298 .
∆ rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298 − T ∆ rS 0298.
, 1. (Δ rS 0298 = 175,66 /K) 5. (Δ r 0298 = 172,5 ).
∆ rG 0298 = 172,5 298 175,6610−3 = 120,15 , ∆ rG 0298> 0;
∆ rG 01000 = 172,5 1000 175,66 10−3 = −3,16 , ∆ rG 01000 < 0.
, 298 ( ). , 1000 , , .
2). ∆ rG 01000 :
∆ r 0 = 2 0 298 0 298 0 2982 = 2.(29,14)8,5437,41 =12,33 /.
∆rG 0 :
∆ rG 0 = ∆ rH 0 −T ∆ rS 0 = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ ∆ r 0 pdT + ∆ rS 0298 + ∫ (∆ r 0 p/T) dT.
298 298
, ∆ r 0 p = const. :
∆ rG 0 T = ∆ rG 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( − 298) - T . ∆ r 0 (ln − ln298).
∆ rG 01000 :
∆ rG 01000= ∆ rG 0298 + ∆ r 0 ( − 298) - T . ∆ r 0 (ln − ln298) =
= 120150 +12,33. (1000-298) 1000.12,33(ln1000 − ln298) =
= -9430 = -9,43 , ∆ rG 01000 < 0.
, ∆ rG 0 T, .
3. .
() + 2() = 2()
.
. , ∆rG 0 < 0. ( ), ∆rG 0 , :
∆ rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298 + ∫ 298∆ r 0 pdT + ∆ rS 0298 + ∫ 298(∆ r 0 p/T) dT < 0.
∆ rH 0 ∆ rS 0 , ( ) :
∆ rG 0 = ∆ rH 0298 − T ∆ rS 0298< 0.
Δ r 0298 = 172,5
Δ rS 0298 = 175,66 /K, (. 3), :
∆ rG 0 =(172,5 175,6610−3) < 0.
> 982 . , .
,