, , , , .
, () .
. 12.14. :
I ; II ; III
n , , , . , . ΔW.
. 12.14.
, : (), , .
. , . :
GM , /;GB , /;Gc , /;GBM , , /;LCB , /;G , , /.
, : , /,
, 1 3 (), /3;
, , /;
, ;
p , ;
, %,
, %,
, /, :
, /,
, /, :
Lc.1+G1+Gc+G.1=Lc.2+G2+Gc+G.2
1 2 .
, /, , :
, : ; d1 d2, . , ,
|
|
d1, d2 [(tc) (t)] . h,d- d1, d2(. 12.15).
, .
D, k, , ( ) ;h,h,h' , . , k + = D.
, :
. 12.15.
. 12.16. , , /, {/- |
, , :
c10 t1d0t0,dQ, :
h1 ,h0 , 1 ,
, ; r0 0.
tc t (. . 12.16) h,d-: d0= d1 , d1>d0 .
[19]. :
0, 1, 2 , ( ) .
, . 12.7.
,
W,
, /, , /, :
, (. 12.17 . 12.8).
. 12.8 , (. . 2224 . 12.17).
12.7
,
Q , =(hx-h0)L0 | , |
Q | , |
L0h0 | , |
G M1 c M1 t M1= G M2 c M1 t M1+ Wc t M1 | , , |
G 1 c 1 t 1 | , |
L2h2 | |
G M2 c M2 t M2 | |
G 1 c 1 t 1 | |
Qs |
|
|
. 12.17. :
; ; ʗ ; - ; ; ; ; ̗
12.8
,
. 12.17 | ||
1 | (100 300 ) | |
2, 5, 21 | ||
3 | ||
4 | (100120 ) | |
6 | (030 ) | |
7 | (30 60 %) | |
8 | () (1 10 3/) | |
9 | (80150 ) | |
10, 12, 15, 23 | ||
11, 14, 19, 22 | ||
13, 16, 24 | () | |
17 | ||
18 | - | |
20 |
, .
.
. , , , . . - - () , .
. , - () () . 1020 % , , ( ).
. ( ). . 12.18.
, , /, 180200, , , : t>t , . 12.18, , t<t , . 12.18, .
. , , .
. 12.18. () (): 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
|
|
.
12.1. t1 t2 [q= f(t1)t2=constq= f(t2) t1= const] .
. q= f(tx)q= f(t2) h,d-, , h1 h2 (. 12.19).
( ; CD d), ,
q= (1 + tgγ), h, d .
, h1h0= Mh,, Mh, Md
.
h, d - 135, BD= CD.
. 12.19. :
;
. 12.20. :
t1 =var,t2 =const; t1=const;t2 =var
. 12.21.
t1t2 h, d- γ (. 12.19). , t1 γ , t2 .
. 12.20 q= f(t1)q=f(t2), . 12.21.
t1 ( ), t2 , tnp= tM.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , .
5. -?
6. ?
7. .
8. - , ( , , , , ).
9. .
10. .
11. 1000 3 .
12. .
13. .
14. (, , .) .
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15. .
13