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Democratization of Virtual Reality in Shipbuilding Abstract In theory, 3D Virtual Reality (VR) models provide numerous benefits to shipbuilders. Many authors have highlighted potential use cases including design review, customer review, supply chain collaboration, project scheduling and shop floor 3D. However, in practice the technology, including generation of the virtual models from existing CAD tools, is too costly, complex, and rigid to be implemented across all segments of the industry. Fortunately, a method now exists to dramatically simplify the creation of VR models, making it practical for more people to utilize VR. This democratization of the technology has made VRs theoretical benefits a reality , 3-D () . , , , , 3-D . , , ( ), , , . , , . .
1. VR benefits often unattainable   When a shipyard implements a new technology, accessibility and transparency is often limited. Therefore, the technology does not get utilized by all levels and roles within an organization which lessens the potential power of the solution. Such is the case with Virtual Reality (VR) and related 3D visualization tools. The potential benefits are seldom realized due to a number of factors and unless these factors are addressed, VR is unlikely to be widely adopted within all areas of a company. On the other hand, if the technology is made cost effective, the chances of it being purchased are increased. If it is easy to implement, it is more likely to be widely deployed and if it is simple to use and is powerful and practical, the chance of it being adopted go up. Indeed, if these key components are present, experience has shown that the demand for VR usage can cascade throughout an enterprise. In fact, percolating upwards is sometimes a better analogy because if the right factors are in place, in certain scenarios, the drive to implement VR has come from line workers rather than top down management. Executives have sometimes found that workers are using VR tools to facilitate production, training, marketing and other aspects of shipbuilding in innovative ways that were not even conceived of by upper management. Executives have found that if they allow workers to have access to intuitive, powerful and flexible tools that are interoperable with other programs being utilized, then the workers will find ways to use them. But if the technology solution has a variety of weaknesses, the tools will sit unused or dramatically underutilized; the promised advantages of Virtual Reality will remain virtual for the majority of those who would otherwise benefit. 1. VR- , . , , . - 3D-. - , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , . , , -. , , , , , . , , -, , , . , ; , .
2. Definition of Virtual Reality in a Shipbuilding Context   Before going further, it is important to clarify a key term. For the purposes of this paper, what is meant by Virtual Reality is a computer simulated, highly immersive 3D environment. In a shipbuilding context, it refers to the ability to fly-through a semi-realistic 3D model of a ship, navigating up, down and around from side to side, zooming in and out from different angles as if one was playing a video game. And just like with a video game, there should be a level of interaction between this virtual world and the viewer that goes beyond the simple 3D representation of the environment. In a shipbuilding context, one would want to be able to easily stop, query, and determine a wealth of attributes about the various objects being viewed. As noted in Góngora (2011), options included in VR tools are, among others:  Interactive navigation through the 3D model with different navigation modes  Handling of very large 3D models  Selection of objects or group of objects (according to build strategy) and display of technological and graphical attributes  Marking-up of objects and addition of commentaries for further navigations or modifications in the 3D model  Calculation of ship coordinates, distances, angles, clearances between objects  Illumination of 3D model according to actual luminance on board  Assignment of textures, colors and transparences to objects  Collisions checking  Deletion and invisibility of objects or group of objects  Movement of objects and groups of objects (linear and rotations)  Handling of human models and checking of ergonomics  Simulations or escape routes and dismantling routs of equipment  Simulation of fire and smoke conditions  Creation, storing and reproduction of trajectories  Generation of Video files   2.   , . , , . , - 3-D , , , , . , , , 3-D . , , , . Góngora (2011), : 3-D 3-D ( ) 3-D , , , 3-D () , ( ) ,
3. Benefits of Virtual Reality   As is perhaps obvious from the previous list, there are multiple use cases for Virtual Reality in a shipbuilding context. All of these uses are derivative of the fact that VR has an unparalleled ability to be used as a communication tool since everything is clearer in three dimensions. While much detail can be shared via 2D drawings, interpreting these drawings requires knowledge of marine-specific symbology and the ability to translate in ones mind two dimensions into three. This is an acquired skill that takes extensive training to develop. As is noted in Pal (2011), 2D drawings in many cases (like complex outfitting assembly drawings, and block assembly drawings for complex steel structures) require extended time for workers to understand the assembly situation, and inherit the probability of misinterpretations. On the other hand, flying through a VR environment enables a less experienced individual to see a high level of detail and intuitively understand what things look like. Virtual Reality, as its name suggests, is simply far closer to reality. This makes it a useful tool during contract design, engineering, design review, customer review, supply chain collaboration, project scheduling (including assembly sequencing), training and simulations. Several of these advantages have been highlighted in a plethora of academic papers in the past. For example, at ICCAS 2011 alone, there were multiple papers extolling use cases for 3D Virtual Reality. Góngora (2011) mentioned VRs usage in the efficient design of outfitting and machinery spaces. Baguio (2011) extolled the quality improvement in hull and outfitting designs that came about from using 3D model review. Lödding et al.(2011) talked about assembly planning simulation using VR while Tozzi and Zini (2011) described how Virtual Reality could be used to assess naval operations through HLA (High Level Architecture) based simulation. Other authors have noted how VR is an effective tool for supply chain collaboration amongst disparate organizations using a variety of CAD systems. Additionally, to cite a previous COMPIT paper from the authors of this essay, VR can also be used in shop floor 3D applications whereby workers spontaneously check VR models at terminals on the floor so as to gain more information which helps them understand assembly requirements and other production scenarios, Morais et al. (2011). A number of these advantages will be further highlighted in case studies later in this paper. 3. , . , , . 2-D , . . PAL (2011): ... 2-D (, ), , . , , . . , , , , , ( ), . . , ICCAS 2011 , 3-D . Góngora (2011) . Baguio (2011) 3-D . Lödding et al. (2011) , Tozzi and Zini (2011) , HLA- ( ). , , CAD . , COMPIT , , , , , , , Morais et al. (2011). .
4. Challenges of using VR   Unfortunately though, despite all of the potential benefits, there are several challenges preventing the adoption of Virtual Reality throughout the shipyard. These challenges can be classified into two areas, corresponding with two types of VR programs. The first class of VR software is composed of tools that are developed by an existing vendor of shipbuilding specific CAD software. The second class of VR software is made up of those tools that have been developed for a broad range of industries by a major CAD vendor that does not provide a shipbuilding specific CAD solution. Difficulties with both of these software types will be highlighted separately below. 4.   , , , . , . , CAD . , CAD, CAD . .
4.1. Shipbuilding specific VR tools Let us start with shipbuilding specific VR tools. Many of the shipbuilding specific CAD vendors offer proprietary VR tools that are tightly coupled with their own CAD programs. Typically these tools are targeted, in terms of usability and capability, at the engineering staff within the shipyard. They offer a set of tools demanded specifically by the shipbuilding industry, and when implemented successfully can effectively solve a certain set of challenges within the shipyard. 4.1. . CAD , CAD. , , , - . , .
4.1.1. Complexity of Implementation A common use of this class of VR tools is in the development of a static, formal design review environment. These environments involve the use of high end 3D projection equipment and technology that allows for simultaneous multi-user interaction. In a paper regarding the application of VR to shipbuilding Alonso (2012) cited a dedicated VR room as one of the most common applications of VR technology, and the place in which Most parts of the applications of the VR to shipbuilding can be carried out. This type of implementation is undoubtedly valuable in the ways mentioned in the paper but the accessibility to the individual in the shipyard and application to their particular challenges is questionable. Additionally, implementations of this complexity and cost are achievable only by larger shipyards or those involved in high dollar naval vessels. While the application of this class of VR tool to this type of high-end implementation does not preclude the possibility of much lighter weight implementations, it does show the prevailing mind-set around typical applications of the technologies. 4.1.1. . 3-D , . Alonso (2012) , , . , , , , . , , . , .
4.1.2. Complexity of Use In addition to the complexity of many of the implementations of this class of VR technology, the products are often difficult for those without engineering backgrounds to use effectively. They often have an engineering pedigree which benefits the engineering department but causes challenges with regard to the democratization or widespread usage of the technology as advocated by us. In order to capitalize on the widespread adoption of VR by all areas of the shipyard, those who have first-hand knowledge of the challenges in their area must have the ability to apply VR technology to those challenges without the involvement of an intermediary from IT or engineering. This is particularly important if the desire is to promote innovative applications of VR in all phases of the shipbuilding process, rather than just those approaches that have been pre-determined by a smaller number of individuals with the required knowledge. Ease of use has to be a paramount consideration in order for a variety of departments within a shipyard to realize the benefits of VR. 4.1.2. , , . -, , . , , , IT . , , , , . . .
4.1.3. Limited Set of Capabilities Additionally, innovation in this area requires a certain flexibility and level of capabilities to exist in VR tools. Many of the examples in this class have the minimum set of capabilities required to solve a known set of challenges for the shipbuilding industry but it can be argued that, unlike those VR tools developed for a wider audience, these tools lack the depth of capability to be routinely applied in innovative and unintended ways. This should not be surprising. While shipbuilding is a global industry and is of significant size, it is not by any means unlimited in scope. This is especially true when compared to the size of the general manufacturing, or AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) industries. This means that software developed for other larger industries will often be more likely to develop new features than software developed specifically for shipbuilding. 4.1.3. , . , . , , , , . . , . , , . , , , , , .
4.1.4. Limited Variation of Platforms The industry specific nature of the VR tools in this class also introduces another challenge. As related technologies including mobile and cloud computing become part of our everyday lives, the expectations of potential users of VR tools encompasses these technologies. The limited size of the market for shipbuilding specific VR tools, compounded by the comparatively large number of vendors in the industry, make introduction of these capabilities in existing tools challenging, at least in a way that is affordable to all segments of the industry. Unfortunately the ideas and approaches considered for the application of VR tools outside of, and even within, engineering will more and more often involve these technologies and will go unimplemented if they remain unavailable. 4.1.4. . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , .
4.1.5. Cost Effectiveness This leads to the next challenge: cost effectiveness. The combination of the challenges in the preceding sections, particularly: the scope and complexity of target implementations and the industry specific nature of this class of VR tools, leads to implementations that are of a significant cost and yet do not realize benefit across the entire organization. For some organizations, namely very large shipyards and naval shipbuilders, this cost may not be prohibitive and the value obtained may justify that cost regardless. For example Virtalis, www.virtalis.com, has a case study of BAE Systems workers using shop floor 3D cabins with dedicated personnel to help build submarines. However, due to the costs involved, implementation is less likely on lower dollar value projects or in many shipyards that are not in that exclusive first tier. 4.1.5. : . ( ) , , . , , , . Virtalis, www.virtalis.com, BAE Systems, 3-D , . , , , .
4.2. Lack of Shipbuilding Specific Capabilities While the VR tools in this class can often read enough general purpose 3D formats to facilitate the visualization of the 3D model, the rich attributes and intelligence required to satisfy the definition of VR for shipbuilding are not generally available out of the box. Without this information, many of the activities for which VR is used in shipbuilding, including interrogating attributes of the model during a design review, simulating the assembly sequence for the project, and validating collisions in the 3D model, simply cannot be accomplished. Due to the flexibility and depth of capability inherent in these general VR tools, it is often possible to incorporate the required level of intelligence into the 3D model and apply the tools in the required ways. However, it should be noted that this is usually only accomplished by the liberal application of software development and IT which unfortunately results in a system with significantly increased complexity, scope and cost. Lödding et al. (2011) elaborate on this complexity including the various steps involved in the process such as defining required data size and data quality, conversion of 3D CAD into the VR software format, testing model data and checking for errors, reduction of data for larger models in VR software, preparing model data, structuring in groups, and adjusting materials. They further go on to show how specialized software (ViP Composer) can be implemented that loads metadata into the VR software and connects the metadata to the required geometry. Obviously this takes time. 4.2. 3-D , 3-D , , , . , , , 3-D , . , , 3-D . , , , , , , , , . Lödding et al. (2011) , , , 3-D CAD , , , , . , ( VIP Composer) . , .
4.2.1. Disconnected Workflows The time and complexity of creating comprehensive VR models using this class of VR tools leads to another problem. The delays, combined with the rapid pace of shipbuilding projects today, lead to the information in the resulting VR model often being out of date before it is viewed. Therefore, to be truly effective, and to ensure trust in and subsequent use of the technology, this class of VR tools actually needs to be tightly coupled with the shipbuilding specific CAD software that is being used. While this is possible and has been accomplished in specific cases where the cost and complexity of doing so was outweighed by the benefits, it is by no means a common occurrence. 4.2.1. . , , . , , , CAD. , , .
5. Design, engineering and production Maybe the engineering department of a shipyard is where is more extended the use of this kind of solutions. And production department is maybe where it should be extended because is where there are the most costly errors. They are not usually working with a VR solution but now it is starting to be clear that it is very useful to check the model, to avoid errors and inconsistencies but also to improve the tasks of production. So, the first and most important use of VR is for avoiding errors. The possibility of viewing the ship 3D model as much realistic as possible is really effective to find out errors, in all stages of the design. From early design stages, to manufacturing and production phases, it is possible to use it to check all the elements, to see inconsistencies, to prevent interferences and collisions, to query about properties and attributes and to study different design alternatives and changes dynamically. In addition, the user and model interaction has become much more realistic with the implementation of tracking devices, which give the sense of being inside the model, walking and moving on it, touching it. Viewers allow an easy navigation and a fast-movement. Different modes of visualization, search and query options, inclusion of annotations and measurement of distances are important and useful capabilities. Ergonomic aspects in the design can be studied and checked better having a VR solution, with the possibility to include dummies. It is possible also the collision detection, to check interferences and the insertion of annotations. Simulation is another important area of application of VR in ship design, engineering and production. It is being applied in the study of many tasks with different purposes, from the study of escape routes to the simulation of dismantling for maintenance of equipments. The help in the study of critical assembly tasks and how the surrounding elements are affected is relevant too. No need to say that the use of VR for the control of the design is very useful, just to see the progress of the project. And more, once it is being built, the comparison between the model and the real ship is necessary and VR can help to find out errors that need to be solved as soon as possible eliminating further unnecessary costs. On the other hand, it is very common that the ship design and engineering and also the manufacturing is divided in different blocks that are subcontracted to different design offices, subcontractors and shipyards. The shipyard receives all the information of the ship and needs to supervise that everything is correct. Having a VR tool that allows the integration of all the information in a simple way makes possible to have a single model, which is much more effective than having many different models. 5. , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . 3-D . , , , , , , . , , , . . , , . . , . , . , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , . . , , , , .
5.1. Marketing and commercial uses Benefits of using VR for marketing and commercial purposes are evident. That is why VR tools are having a great reception in sales and marketing activities. Thanks to the wide range of possibilities available in the market, from small and portable solutions to big and on-demand solutions, the present and future applications of VR is higher than we can imagine. From the marketing point of view, the possibility to present a ship 3D model with the higher level of detail in an immersive VR experience adds incalculable value to the sales activity. Many shipyards are already taking advantage of this technology, not only in their facilities but also in fairs and exhibitions thanks to the portable solutions that will be described later. 5.1. . . , , , , . , 3-D . , , , .
5.2. Management Shipyard management play the role of ensuring that the commitments made to the clients are fulfilled. The project needs to be accurate, with the highest quality level and in accordance with estimations to ensure customer satisfaction. To achieve it, it is very important to have a clear idea about the progress of the project and also about changes that can affect further requirements, schedules and costs. Having the opportunity to check the VR model from early design stages is a great advantage and allows a friendly checking, quick evaluation of alternatives and fast decision-making. At the end, the great impact in cost reduction is possible thanks to the early error detection, being much more expensive the modifications in manufacturing and production stages. 5.2. , . , , . , , , . , , . , , .
5.3. Ship-owners The presentation of the progress of the ship project to ship-owners is another important use of VR, adding the value of being very easy to conceive the project in a very realistic and intuitive way. This has become a great advantage in comparison with conventional presentations. In fact VR can substitute the old scale ship models that are expensive and with short level of detail. The capabilities to present the information available in the VR solutions are as big as the user´s ability, because now it is possible to provide realistic finishes and all the level of detail required. Ship-owners can also check and monitor the progress of the model and also to promote design alternatives less cost-effective than in further stages. 5.4. . . , . , , . , , .  
5.4. Naval shipbuilding Military shipbuilding industry is affected by the most demanding requirements both in the design and production stages. It is true that this kind of naval projects, both in submarines and in surface ships, are lengthy and complex although they have more human resources. But, at the end, the project needs to comply with the strictest rules and also with the budgets imposed by the ministries. This is not an easy task, and that is why all the help in the control and supervision of the process is really welcome. Is in this area of shipbuilding where VR solutions have been well received time ago. The application of the most advanced technologies usually starts in ambitious programmes with major innovations and budgets. That is the case of application of VR in shipbuilding, because we can not forget that having an appropriate VR solution is costly, and that long-term military projects are those that a priori have a larger budget to afford them. Other important use around the naval shipbuilding is in the side of the Army. The use of VR is an advantage for the crew training. In submarines this can be particularly interesting for the lack of space. Simulation is the other important activity, since there is really difficult to enhance some kind of operations inside a submarine but also in a surface ship. The help of VR to simulate operations and dismantling and maintenance tasks is unquestionable. Here there is a great area of improvement. 5.4. , , . , ( , ) , . , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . . . - . , , . , , . .
6. Overcoming the Challenges Keeping in mind all of the previous difficulties with both types of VR programs, it would seem then that an answer to these challenges would be a shipbuilding specific CAD/CAM solution developed by one of the major CAD vendors who also produce a class leading general purpose VR toolset. This would combine the best of both worlds. 6. , , CAD / CAM CAD, . .
6.1. Overview of ShipConstructor An argument can be made that ShipConstructor is one of the only, if not the only, shipbuilding solutions that overcomes all of the challenges mentioned above. In order to delve further into how it does so, an understanding of what ShipConstructor truly is will be required. In simple terms ShipConstructor is a solution engineered specifically for shipbuilding and built on AutoCAD technology from Autodesk, with a database backend that stores the complete 3D product model including all geometry, intelligence, shipbuilding standards and attributes. This simple explanation however can be misleading. A common misperception is that ShipConstructor is simply a set of tools that run inside the AutoCAD environment and allow individual shipbuilding operations to be performed against an AutoCAD drawing. The reality however is much deeper. ShipConstructor is as enmeshed into the fabric of AutoCAD as any other Autodesk product that is based on AutoCAD. Examples of these other applications include AutoCAD Plant, AutoCAD P&ID, AutoCAD Electrical, and AutoCAD Mechanical. This depth of integration has tremendous implications for implementations of shipbuilding solutions based on ShipConstructor. Specifically, every Autodesk product which is available and has some connection into the world of AutoCAD treats ShipConstructor, and the intelligent ship model behind it, as if it were an Autodesk product. This includes virtually all of the products Autodesk offers for 3D visualization, simulation and VR. These products not only allow for the visualization of the ShipConstructor 3D model in real-time, they also allow for the interrogation of part, stock and standard level information from the model in question. This combination makes ShipConstructor (despite utilizing technology from various vendors) essentially a shipbuilding specific solution from a major CAD vendor with a class leading VR and 3D visualization toolset, and thus satisfies the requirements of a solution as proposed earlier in the paper. 6.1. ShipConstructor , ShipConstructor , , , , . , , , ShipConstructor. , ShipConstructor , AutoCAD Autodesk, , 3-D , , , . , , . , ShipConstructor , AutoCAD AutoCAD. . ShipConstructor AutoCAD, Autodesk, AutoCAD. AutoCAD Plant, AutoCAD P & ID, AutoCAD Electrical AutoCAD Mechanical. , ShipConstructor. , Autodesk, AutoCAD, ShipConstructor , Autodesk. , Autodesk 3-D , . 3-D ShipConstructor , , . ShipConstructor ( ) CAD 3-D , , , , , .
6.2. Overview of the VR Capabilities of a ShipConstructor-based Solution To further validate an Autodesk based industry specific solution like ShipConstructor as one that overcomes these challenges, one must look into the depth of the 3D visualization and VR capabilities offered. While Autodesk has a number of visualization and VR technologies that work with ShipConstructor models including Autodesk Design Review, Design Review Mobile, Autodesk Showcase, Autodesk Inventor Publisher, and Inventor Publisher Mobile, this paper will focus on Autodesk Navisworks as the primary VR tool used with ShipConstructor. 6.2. ShipConstructor Autodesk, , ShipConstructor, , , 3-D . Autodesk , ShipConstructor, Autodesk Design Review, Design Review Mobile, Autodesk Showcase, Autodesk Inventor Publisher Inventor Publisher Mobile, Autodesk Navisworks, , ShipConstructor.
6.2.1. Autodesk Navisworks Autodesk Navisworks is the flagship product in Autodesks range of visualization and VR products. Navisworks allows users to walk through a real-time view of the ShipConstructor product model, along with a multitude of other model formats. It also offers an extensive range of capabilities to interact with the environment. 6.2.1. Autodesk Navisworks Autodesk Navisworks Autodesk. Navisworks ShipConstructor . .
6.2.2. Large Data Sets One of the key requirements of any VR tool used for shipbuilding is the ability to handle very large datasets in real time. The visualization of a complete ship model is beyond the typical requirements of virtually any other industry with the possible exception of the building industry. Navisworks has been used extensively in the AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) industry as well as for the visualization of major navy shipbuilding programs. 6.2.2. , , . , , . Navisworks AEC (, ) , .
6.2.3. Ease of Use Earlier in the paper it was argued that a prime requirement to promote the democratization of virtual reality in the shipbuilding industry was the availability of tools that were intuitive. Navisworks was originally developed for a wide cross section of industries and has been built with simplicity as a key requirement. Additionally, the ShipConstructor model can be viewed directly in Navisworks so there is little to no knowledge of ShipConstructor or other technical knowledge required to create the virtual reality model. Any user can begin interrogating the virtual reality model in little to no time. 6.2.3. , , . Navisworks , . , ShipConstructor Navisworks , ShipConstructor , . .
6.2.4. Ease of Implementation While Navisworks can be implemented into dedicated VR rooms complete with stereoscopic 3D viewing of the ship model, the most common scenario involves the Navisworks technology in some form being available on every device within the shipyard environment. In any case, the software is installed via a consumer grade software installation process and requires absolutely no configuration by the end user in order to begin exploring ShipConstructor models. This enables access to Navisworks capability wherever it is needed to solve particular challenges. 6.2.4. Navisworks 3-D , Navisworks - , . , , ShipConstructor. Navisworks , .
6.2.5. Cost Effectiveness Another factor that was mentioned earlier as being critical to drive adoption at all levels was cost effectiveness. Fortunately, Navisworks as a general purpose solution is very cost effective, especially compared with those solutions that are targeted only at the shipbuilding industry and its comparatively small user base. This is especially evident due to the fact that Navisworks can also be implemented on an unlimited number of devices for viewing-only at no cost. This promotes the availability of the technology on every device in the organization. 6.2.5. , , . , Navisworks, , , , . , Navisworks . .
7. Case studies The success of the ShipConstructor/Autodesk solution in regards to democratizing Virtual Reality can be illustrated by highlighting several case studies of this solution in action. 7. ShipConstructor/Autodesk .
7.1. Shop Floor 3D-Royal Huisman The first case study highlights an aspect of VR that has been mentioned several times so far in this essay which is shop floor 3D. To cite our previous COMPIT Paper, Morais et al. (2011): The idea behind shop floor 3D is to allow the manufacturing team to better understand their jobs. It was noted that in shipbuilding, a 3D model is typically transformed into 2D drawings which must be interpreted by workers in the yard. Engineers who create the production documentation determine the amount of detail they think is required and detail the drawings accordingly but the use of 3D data would be a more effective method of communication and a more powerful tool for production workers. The paper further went on to show how workers at prestigious yacht builder Royal Huisman view screens containing Navisworks Virtual Reality models to answer questions as they arise regarding assemblies. The ShipConstructor CAD model with attribute data is viewed directly in Navisworks with all of the associated attribute information for each part. As was noted earlier in this paper, in this case, the demand for the usage of VR came about from the workers themselves who realized that the capabilities existed. The technology was there and thus it was utilized. This is an example of the democratization of Virtual Reality driving adoption. 7.1. 3-D Royal Huisman , , 3-D . COMPIT, Morais et al. (2011): 3-D . , 3-D 2-D , . , , , , , 3-D . , - Royal Huisman Navisworks . ShipConstructor Navisworks . , , , . . .
7.2. Supply Chain Collaboration-Chetzemoka A more familiar example of VR usage is for supply chain collaboration, specifically regarding subcontractors. To cite our previous paper again, a good case study regarding the use of Virtual Reality in this context is the design review and client review during the construction of the recent Washington State Ferrie




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