1. doing... making 2. do 3. to do... to make 4. do 5. to make 6. did 7. made
Exercise VIII, p. 175
1. My watch was slow, so 1 had to take it to the repairs. 2. Did you have to wait for him long? No, he came on time. 3. I didn't have to go to the Institute yesterday, we had no classes. 4. She told me to come at 6 and asked me not to be late. 5. I asked the typist to type some documents for me. 6. She told me not to wait for her. 7.1 want to ask Victor to meet me. 8. He told me not to switch on the TV set today. 9. She asked you not to phone her so late 10. I want to ask my brother for his typewriter for a few days. 11. Tomorrow Peter is leaving for Moscow. He is going to take part in a conference. 12. Switch on the radio. I want to listen to the news.
Exercise I, p. 185
at, to, on, at, before,at, on, for, off, on, on, to, off, of, into, at, at, on, out, for, at, with, alter, back, to, till (until), at, back, on, on, -, -.
Exercise II, p. 186
1. How often does Miss Green go to the office? 2. At what time does she start work? 3. Was she late for work yesterday? 4. How long did she type? 5. Where did she have lunch? 6. Who did she have lunch with? 7. What did she do after lunch? (Where did she go after lunch?) 8. When did she go home?
Exercise III, p. 186
I. The text was difficult and I had to use a dictionary. It took me about two hours to translate the text. 2. Did you listen to the news yesterday? Certainly, I always listen to the news in the evening. 3. Hurry up. Father asked us not to be late. 4. Yesterday we had a meeting. My boss made a report. Everybody liked his report. 5 Today I left home at 8.20 and came to work 15 minutes earlier. 6. Yesterday my sister left for London. She will come back in two weeks. 7. Please, ask Victor to phone me tonight.
UNIT 17
Exercise I, p. 195
1. I was having 2. When I saw... I realised 3. I wrote. 4.'I took... it was raining 5. It was snowing... I wanted.
Exercise II, p. 196
A. 1 What were you reading... I came; I took; 2. Ann was still waiting... I arrived. She got... I was; 3. Where were you hurrying... I met you; I was going; 4. I was not driving... the accident happened; 5.1 came; While I was waiting... I was reading; 6. The telephone rang... we were having. My wife answered.
. The students were talking... the teacher came in... they stopped... the teacher spoke; He walked... began; While he was writing, the students sat... took... prepared; The teacher finished... sat... opened; He was reading... the students were answering, the bell rang... most of them were still writing; The teacher told.. he collected; they left... he began.
Exercise III, p. 196
1. While the typist was typing, I was speaking to the chief engineer. 2. What were you doing on Monday from 8 to 10 in the evening? I was preparing for my exam. 3.You were busy yesterday, weren't you? Yes, I was writing an article. That's a pity. There was a very interesting lecture at the University yesterday.
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4. Who were you talking to when I met you? To my cousin. 5. Yesterday evening we were all at home. I was reading the whole evening. My wife was watching television, and the children were playing chess. 6. What were you discussing at yesterday's meeting? We were speaking about our production plan. 7. Who helped you to translate the article? I translated it myself. 8. She never told about herself. 9. Who signed the documents? You signed them yourself. 10. I didn't have to phone Nick. He phoned me himself. 11. We didn't ask anybody for help and did all the work ourselves. 12. They told me about it themselves.
UNIT 18
Exercise I, p. 210
1. I am going; 2. it will rain; 3. Tom will get; 4. A friend is coming;
5. we are going; 6. It won't hurt you; 7. I'll do.
Exercise II, p. 210
a) 1. I'm going to wash; 2 I'll lend; 3. What are you going to do; 4. I'll send; 5.1 am going to watch; 6. I'll do; 7. I'll go; 8. it is going to fall down; 9. I'll show; 10. I'll have; 11. I'll turn on; 12. He is going to have... he is going to start; 13. I'll buy; 14. What colour are you going to paint; 15. What are you going to wear; 16. When are you going to type; I'll do.
b) 1. what I am going to do; 2. The pUme is leaving; 3. you are going to like; 4. We are going to be; 5. Sue and Alan are getting married; 6. it is going to snow; 7. I'm taking; 8. My parents are arriving; 9. I'm going to be; 10. The new supermarket is opening.
c) 1. We are going; 2. We are having; 3. Does the film begin; 4.1 am not going away... Are you going away; 5. The concert starts; 6 you are getting married, 7. The art exhibition opens... finishes; 8. What time does the next train leave; 9. we are going... Are you coming.
Exercise II, p. 211
1. How long will it take you to finish this work? I think I'll finish it in a week. 2. Where are you going to rest this summer? I want to go to the south. 3. What are you doing tonight? I'm going to the theatre. 4. I wonder whether Jane will come to the party. I don't think so. Her mother is coming tonight, she's going to the station to meet her 5. Did you bring the dictionary? No, I forgot. I'll bring it tomorrow. 6. Robert won't be present at the meeting. He's leaving for Moscow. He will stay there for a month. 7. Hurry up. The train starts in half an hour. 8. Don't worry about your daughter. I will look after her. 9. When are you taking your last exam? On Friday.
UNIT 19
Exercise V, p. 214
1. It may rain tomorrow. Very likely. It rains every day. October is always very wet here. 2. It was raining hard yesterday and it was very cold. 3. It often snowed last month, and this month it often rains. 4. It is usually warm here in July, but this July is cool. 5. When did it last snow? On Friday. 6. I am looking forward to summer. My sister and I are going to the south,. 7. Did it snow yesterday? Yes, but the snow melted very quickly. 8. There isn't a cloud in the sky. I don't think it will rain today.
Exercise I, p. 218
Two men were travelling; They saw; they saw... Indians lived; they met... who was, He was... knew; He could; the weather will be...asked; he answered; Rain will come; there will be... the sunshine will come...the weather will be; said; he turned; how do you know; I heard.
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Exercise II, p. 219
1. Where did you spend your holiday? 1 was in the Caucasus. What was the weather like there? It was dry and sunny. I swam and sunbathed a lot. 2. What is the climate like in Belarus? Summer is not hot Winter is mild. The climate is wet, it often rains. 3. What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? It will be cloudy and cool, but it won't rain.
UNIT 20
Exercise I, p. 225
1. Will you please translate this article? I'll try to. 2. Shall I buy this dictionary for you? Please, do. 3. Where shall we
mee? Let's meet at the cinema at 7. 4. Shall we play a game of chess? I'm sorry but I can't. I'm going to the Institute. 5. Shall we go to the theatre tomorrow? Good idea. 6. Shall I switch on the TV set? --Yes, please. 7. Will you please pass me the salt? 8. Will you please lend me some money? Certainly. 9. Shall I invite Victor to my birthday? 10. Shall I type these letters? Please, do 11. Shall we go out of town tomorrow? I'm afraid I can't. I shall be busy tomorrow. 12. Shall I buy you a ticket for the match? Please, do. That's very kind of you. 13. Will you please tell me the time? It's 10.30.
U NIT 21
Exercise I, p. 231
I'll be working; When will you be setting off (= When are you setting off); I'm taking (= will be taking); I'm spending (= will be spending); We are doing (= will be doing); Will you be travelling (= Are you travelling); I'm taking; I'll be staying... I'll be leaving; I'll be sitting...it will probably be pouring; my gin-friend will be waiting... she won't wait; I'll be doing.
Exercise II, p. 231
1. Come to see me tonight. My friend will be telling about his trip to England. 2. When is he flying to Paris? Next week.
3. Don't go away. The train will be arriving in a few minutes.
4. Let's hurry up. It will be raining in a minute. 5. I won't write to him. He's coming next week. 6. Will you be travelling again in summer? Yes, we are going to the Caucasus. 7. What will you be doing tomorrow? From 10 to 2 I shall be working in the library. From 3 to 7 I'll be having my classes at the Institute.
UNIT 22
Exercise VI, p. 234
1. another 2. other 3. other 4. another 5. other 6. another 7. other 8. other 9. another 10. other 11. other
Exercise VII, p. 234
1. Do you enjoy French films? Yes, I do. 2. 1 didn't enjoy the concert. And you? Neither did I. 3. One of her sons is a pilot, the other is a diplomat. She is very proud of them. 4. This summer we rested in the south. Did you have a good time? (Did you enjoy yourselves?) Yes, the weather was fine. We enjoyed swimming in the sea and lying in the sun. My husband spent a lot of time fishing. It is his hobby.
Exercise I, p. 242
It was; I never get up; 1 sometimes stay; I got up; I looked; It was; I thought; It is raining; the telephone rang, It was; she said; I came; I am still having... I said; What are you doing...she asked; I'm having... I repeated; she said; Do you always get up; It is.
Exercise II, p. 242
1. What are you going to do tonight? Nothing special. Shall we go to the cinema? Good idea. 2. I couldn't buy the tickets for this film yesterday. What a pity! 3. Do you enjoy playing tennis? Yes, it's my favourite kind of sports. 4. Are you going to the south this year? No, this year I am having my holiday in Novemder. November in the south is rainy and cool. 5. My father is very fond of gardening. We have a good garden, and he is very proud of it. 6. Last Sunday we went to a restaurant to celebrate our wedding anniversary. We enjoyed ourselves greatly.
UNIT 23
Exercise I, p. 253
A. 1. You won't catch... you don't hurry. 2. I shall wait...you are
3. the weather is... we'll have 4.1 finish... I'll take 5. He will leave...
you arrive 6. I'll have... I finish 7. I'll speak... I see 8.1 won't leave...
you return 9. you don't take... you'll be 10. What will happen...
I tell 11. Will you tell...breakfast is 12. you ask... he will help 13. I'll be...she arrives 14. he doesn't attend... he won't see 15. she
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hears... she'll be 16. I shan't phone... something important happens 17. he doesn't come, will you be? 18. They will laugh...they realise 19. you'll like... you meet 20. I'll send... I reach 21. I'll get... they have 22. Will she go... she gets 23. he offers... Guy will take 24. he tells... I'll go B. the sun rises... we'll get up and dress While you prepare... I'll pack. We'll set off...everything is ready. We won't stop...it's. While we have... we'll discuss. When we finish... we'll sleep. We'll hurry... it's... the weather is... we'll put on. As soon as it gets... we'll make. Before everybody goes... we'll have. Won't we have... C. I'll ring... there are, you are.. you'll have; I'll decide. I get; I pass... I'll buy; he gets in touch, I'll invite; I'll miss... I go, I'll see.. I get home.
Exercise II, p. 254
1. I'll call on you as soon as I am free. 2. I'll tell you my new address before we move to our new flat. 3. If nobody meets me at the station, I'll take a taxi. 4. After the meeting is over, I'll go to the cinema. 5. I'll wait until he phones me. 6. What will you do if you don't find him at home? 7. When I come to Moscow I'll send you a
telegram. 8. I'll help you as soon as I finish writing my article. 9. I shan't leave until you return. 10. You'll miss the train if you don't hurry up. 11. We won't have dinner until you come. 12. I'll call on you before I leave Moscow. 14. If he doesn't come tomorrow, send him a telegram. 15. I'll speak to him about it when I see him. 16. If I don't go away on business, I'll call on you one of these days.
UNIT 24
Exercise V, p. 257
1. Do you enjoy Indian films? Yes, I do. 2. What is your brother doing? He's preparing for his exams. 3. I didn't enjoy the concert. And you? Neither did I. 4. Here's your coat. Put it on. 5. Yesterday Nick rang me up. He asked me for my tape-recorder for a few days. 6. Where are the books? They are inside the drawer 7. Switch on the light It's dark. 8. We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
Exercise I, p. 262
We had; He's flying; He arrives; we contacted... the flight number is; we're not... he's coming; he doesn't know; I doubt... we'll be able; he feels; the time is; he gets; it's; he'll probably want; he'll just want; I'll be taking... he's.
Exercise II, p. 263
It was my wife's birthday on Saturday. She was 37. We invited our parents and some friends to her birthday party. We had a good time. My wife cooked tasty dishes. One of her friends brought good records, and we enjoyed listening to them. While we were dancing, our parents were watching the slides of their trip to the Crimea. My birthday is in June. We are going to celebrate it in a restaurant.
UNIT 25
Exercise I, p 278
the most beautiful; the Nicest; larger; harder; more; more interesting; the worst
Exercise II, p. 278
1. Yesterday I got up later than usual. 2. My father is the oldest in our family, and my sister is the youngest. 3. Our sitting-room is the lightest room in our flat. 4. He is the most talented of his friends. 5. My elder brother is five years older than I (me). 6. My father is the tallest of us. 7. She is as beautiful as her mother. 8. It is the most interesting book in his collection. 9. Which language
is more difficult: German or English? 10. This summer is the driest. 11. There are more students in our group than in yours. 12 My suit is much more expensive than yours. 13. The railway station is farther from here than the airport. 14. The Moscow under ground is the best in the world. 15. This story is not so interesting as that. 16. Mary is much more beautiful than her sister. 17 I have fewer books than you. 18. Your dictation is the worst. 19 The twenty-second of December is the shortest day of the year. 20. This exercise is much more difficult than that. 21. This film is less interesting than that. 22. She is as sociable as her sister.
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UNIT 26
Exercise V, p. 281
1. other 2. another 3. other 4. another 5. the others 6. others
7. another 8. the others
Exercise I, p. 293
to; on; for; ; for; at; on; on; .
Exercise II, p. 293
1. were 2. them 3. on 4. on 5. much better 6. stronger 7. fewer
8. the other 9. at
Exercise III, p. 293
What can I do for you? I'd like to buy a light raincoat.
What size do you wear? 46. How do you find this blue raincoat? I think it will suit you.
I like the colour, but I don't like the style Have you got a raincoat the same colour, but a different style? Have a look at this
raincoat. How do you find it? I like it. I'd like to try it on.__Go
to the fitting-room. I think this raincoat is a bit tight on me.
Yes, you need a size larger. Take off this raincoat I'll bring you size 48. Here you are, I think this raincoat fits me. Yes, it is your size. How much is it? 3000 roubles. I'll take it.
UNIT 27
Exercise I, p. 307
1. can't 2. couldn't 3. was able to 4. to be able to 5. couldn't 6. was able to 7. could 8. be able to 9. was able to 10. shall be able to 11. be able to 12. couldn't 13. will be able to 14. will be able to
Exercise II, p. 308
1. don't have to 2. mustn't 3. don't have to 4. doesn't have to
Exercise III, p. 308
1. must 2. had to 3 I'll have to 4. had to 5. had to
Exercise IV, p. 308
1. needn't 2 mustn't 2. mustn't 3 needn't 4. needn't 5. must 5. must, mustn't
Exercise V, p. 308
1. Will you be able to help me with maths tonight? I'm afraid not. I have to go to the airport to meet a friend of mine. 2. I must hurry up. Ann and I are to meet at the Institute at 10. 3. You needn't (don't have to) to get up so early. You will be able to do everything if you get up an hour later. 4. May I look through these journals? I'm afraid not. I must show them to the manager. You may (can) take them only after dinner. 5. I worked hard and I was able to finish the work on time. 6. I shan't be able to go to the theatre with you. I shall have to stay at work till 8. 7. I didn't have to send her a telegram. She rang me up herself 8. Did you have to wait long? About an hour. 9 Hurry up. The ship is to sail at 7.
TOPIC: HOUSE. FLAT
Text
Many families in London live in flats but some people live in their own houses in the suburbs. The Browns too have a house in a London suburb. There are two floors in it, the ground floor and the first floor.
On the ground floor there's a sitting-room, a kitchen and a hall. Upstairs there are two bedrooms and a bathroom. In front of the house the Browns have a small garden where they grow flowers. At the back of the house there's a large garden with some fruit trees in it. At the side of the house there is a garage.
Let's have a look at Mr Brown's sitting-room. There is a piano with a low (music) stool in front of it. Next to the piano there's a bookcase. On the left there is a large window. Under the window there's a cosy sofa. The fireplace is at the other end of the room. On each side of the fireplace there's an armchair.
Opposite the fireplace you can see a small table with some newspapers on it. By the table there's a small chair. On the right there's a radio-set. There's a nice thick carpet on the floor. During the day the sitting-room is full of light. The Browns are glad to have a sitting-room like this.
Conversation
Paul: It's quite a big house. How many floors are there?
Dan: Three altogether and a basement. There's the sitting room
and the kitchen on the ground floor, three rooms on the next
floor and three on the top floor. Liz: And my study is in the basement. Dan: There's a small garden at the back, too Paul: Well, it's a lovely house. Liz: Yes we like it, too, but there's one thing... Paul: What's that? Liz: Too many stairs. Dan: The stairs!
TOPIC: FAMILY. FRIENDS. RELATIVES.
Text 1
Victor Raul Manani is twelve years old. He lives in a little town near Lima on the west coast of Peru. He's got three brothers and two sisters. His father is dead. His mother sells potatoes in the market. Victor sells chewing gum and hats to people in cars.
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"I work because I need to eat", says Victor. "I don't like selling things in the streets but I like making money. I make quite a lot. 1 spend it on shoes, school books and clothes but I give some money to my mother. I like school and learning English. I can speak a little English now."
Text 2
Paloma Jerez is Spanish. She is married to Juan, a dentist, and lives in a flat in Madrid. She has twins, two girls aged three, and she's a teacher of mathematics. In her spare time she likes going to parties, playing the classical guitar and swimming, but she doesn't like watching television at all. She likes going to Ibiza for her holidays.
Text 3
My name is Georgina, but I'm called "Georgie" by my friends. I live near York, in the north-east of England. I'm a dental nurse. I work for a young Australian dentist. He's very nice and he's a very good dentist, but I don't like my job very much.
My sister is called Rosie. She's married with two children, a girl and a boy, and lives in a house near London in a town called Enfield. She's a teacher. She teaches in a big school in the north of London. She likes her job very much.
My brother's name is Andrew. He doesn't have a job. He's unemployed.
Conversation
Presenter: And now on Radio 5: Sportworld with Kevin Callaghan.
Kevin: Good afternoon, and welcome to Sportsworld. Today in the studio we have a special guest, an up-and-coming tennis star, winner of the Monte Carlo Cup, second in the Earls Court Indoor Championships yes, it's Debbie Ford. Hello, Debbie!
Debbie: Hello'
Kevin: Well, Debbie, you're a very successful tennis star and you're still very young... just how old are you?
Debbie: 15.
Kevin: Just 15! That's fantastic! Tell me, Debbie, what's the
secret of your success? Are you all good sportsmen
in your family? Debbie: Well, I started playing tennis very young. My mother's
a teacher and she started me playing. Kevin: I see... what about your father? Debbie: Oh Dad?... No... he's a bit lazy...he's 49 now... and he
just doesn't have the time. Kevin: What does he do? Debbie: He's a doctor. He used to play football when he was
younger...
Kevin: Have you got any brothers or sisters? Debbie: Yes, I've got a brother and a sister. Kevin: Tell me about them. Debbie: Well, Jane... my sister's name's Jane.. she's 20 and
she's a secretary... she works for the Chesterton
Gazette.
Kevin: And what about your brother? Debbie: David... well he's only 10 so he's still at school. Kevin: Are they good at sport? Debbie: Mmm! Not bad! Jane swims quite well... she likes
swimming... but David's the one to watch. Kevin: Oh yes?
Debbie: He started playing tennis two years ago and... Kevin: With your mum? Debbie: Yes, Mum started him off. It's good... we can practise
together... he's faster than... Kevin: And he's only 10! Debbie: Mmm! Kevin: So, we'll have to look out for David in a few years time.
Now, Debbie... tell us something about your training
schedule...
TOPIC: WORKING DAY. DAILY ROUTINE.
Text
Gavin is a student from Cardiff College of Further Education. He is spending a year at the Sorbonne University in Paris. After a few weeks in Paris he wrote a letter to his friends at the college.
Paris,
21 st October Dear All,
I'm writing this letter in my room and I can see the river Seine from my window. It's beautiful.
I am staying in a student hostel some miles from the centre of Paris. I've got a big room and I use it as a bedroom and a study and a sitting room! I share a big kitchen with the other students in the hostel. I sometimes cook there, but I usually have my meals, at the University. The food there is good and quite_h
The University is about two stops from here on the Metro (the underground). It only takes ten minutes to get there, so that's easy Most of the other students cycle, but I haven't got a cycle yet.
I'm enjoying myself very much Pans is a fascinating city. I really like walking round the old parks It's very different from Cardiff.
Do write if you have time.
All the best Yours, Gavin
Conversation
John: So you work in a pub.
Lucy: Yes, that's right.
John: What's it like?
Lucy: It's nice. I like it. You meet a lot of interesting people.
A lot of boring ones too, mind you. John: I beg your pardon? Lucy: I said, a lot of boring ones too. John: Oh, yes. I can imagine. A pub I should think that's
hard work, isn't it? Lucy: Yes and no. It depends. John: How do you mean? Lucy: Well, it's hard at weekends. I mean, last Saturday night,
with both bars full and one barman away ill well, my feet
didn't touch the ground. But on weekdays it's usually very
quiet.
What about you? What do you do1 You're an accountant or
something, aren't you? John: I work in a bank.
Lucy: Oh yes, that's right. Ann said. That must be nice. John: It's all right. Lucy: But you have to move round from one place to another, don't
you? I mean, if you get a better job if they make you
manager or something it'll probably be in another
town, won't it? John: Yes, probably. Lucy: I wouldn't like that. I mean, I've got lots of friends here.
I wouldn't like to move somewhere else.
John: Oh, we like it. We've lived here for, what, six years now. We're ready for a change.
TOPIC: WEEKEND. PASTIME. HOLIDAYS. Text
The Woods are a busy family. Paul is a businessman and Sheila is a doctor at a busy clinic in Oxford. Their daughter, Joan, is busy too She is only 20, but she is a trainee manager at a hotel in town. The Woods have got a large, smart house near Oxford but they do not really live together. One of them is always out, and they are often all out.
Rich, the "baby of the family", now lives away from the family. He is a student in London and he lives in a small flat there. This is his first year away from home, and life in London is not always easy. So he's often at home at weekends. This weekend he's at home but he's got problems there too. He's got a suitcase full of dirty clothes and the washing machine is broken. He's hungry, too, but there is something wrong with the cooker and the electrician's away for the weekend. There are some cheese biscuits on the table and there's some cold soup in the fridge but that's all.
His mother and father are at a conference in New York and his sister's no help! She's got an invitation to a conference this weekend and the taxi's on its way. This is not Rich's idea of a happy weekend at home!
Conversation 1
Chris: 7^82 double 5 -0.
Nick: Hello. This is Nick. Is that Chris?
Chris: Yes it is.
Nick: Do you want to come to the cinema tonight? There's a good
film at the Odeon. Chris: Er... Well, I'm sorry, Nick, but I visit my gran on Mondays,
so I can't go to the cinema today Nick: Oh dear! Well, let's go on Thursday then. Chris: Thursday? Oh, on Thursdays I have my trumpet lesson. Nick: Oh no! Well, what do you do on Saturdays? Chris: I always play football on Saturdays. Nick: You certainly have a busy week! Chris: Yes, I'm sorry, Nick. See you, Nick: Goodbye!
Conversation 2 Simon: What's the matter? Wendy: I'm bored.
Simon: Why don't we watch television? Wendy: Oh Simon, television's boring.
Simon: You're right Well, let's play football then
Wendy I don't like football, Simon!
Simon: Oh! Do you like dancing?
Wendy: Yes, I do.
Simon: Well, let's go to the disco
Wendy: Simon, what time is it?
Simon: It's 4.30
Wendy: And what time does the disco open?
Simon: At 8 o'clock Well, shall we go to the ice rink?
Wendy: I can't skate, Simon.
Simon. Oh, can you ride a bicycle?
Wendy: Yes I can... But I haven't got a bicycle.
TOPIC: SHOPPING
Text
John wanted a copy of "War and Peace", by Tolstoy, so he went to a famous bookshop in Charing Cross Road and asked for it.
The assistant looked puzzled. "You should try the foreign book department", she said. "But it's a novel, and I want it in English," John replied. "Oh, novels are on the first floor," she said.
Eventually John found the novels, and after some time he discovered a copy of "War and Peace". "I'd like to buy this, please," he said to an assistant in a yellow jumper. She took it from him and gave him a receipt. "Pay at the cash desk," she said pointing towards the far corner of the shop.
John waited for ten minutes in a small queue, then he paid and the girl at the cash desk stamped his receipt and gave it back to him. He took it to the girl in the yellow jumper. She glanced at it and handed him a parcel. "Thank you," he said. "Thank you," she replied. When John got home, he opened his parcel. It contained
a book about roses.
Conversation 1
Mrs Cox: Good morning. Perhaps you can advise me...
Assistant: Yes, madam.
Mrs Cox: I'm looking for a toy... for my nephew.
Assistant: Oh, yes... how old is he?
Mrs Cox: He'll be nine years old on Saturday.
Assistant: Skateboards are still very popular.
Mrs Cox: Hmm, I don't want him to hurt himself.
Assistant: What about a drum set?
Mrs Cox: I don't think so. His father will be angry if I buy him
one of those. Have you got anything educational? You
see, he's a very intelligent boy. Assistant: I've got the perfect thing! A do-it-yourself computer kit!
Conversation 2
Man: Good morning, madam. Can I help you3
Anna: Yes, please Have you got the Times?
Man: No, madam, we haven't. We
Anna: Oh dear What about the Guardian?
Man: No, madam. We haven't got the Guardian. We don't
Anna: Well, have you got Time Magazine?
Man: No, we haven't This isn't
Anna: You haven't got any newspapers or magazines? Is this a
newsagent's shop or isn't it? Man: It isn't. It's a bookshop. We don't sell newspapers and we
haven't got any magazines.
UNIT 1 GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT (I)
Illustrative Situations
/. Study these example situations:
Torn 1 looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key
When we use the Present Perfect there is a connection with
the present:
I've lost the key. (=1 haven't got it now.)
Jim has gone to Canada. (=He is in Canada or on his way
there)
Oh, dear! I've forgotten her name. (= I can't remember it now.)
Have you washed the dishes? (Are they clean now?)
The train hasn't arrived yet. (=The train isn't at the sta-
tion.)
The train has already arrived. (= The train is at the station.)
//. Listen to the texts and answer the questions:
1 Mr Collins gave his secretary some letters to type an hour ago. He is going home soon and he wants to sign the letters before he leaves. He has just picked up the phone and asked his secretary this question:
"Have you done those letters yet?"
Questions: When did Mr Collins give his secretary the letters? Why does he want to sign them now? What has he just done? What is his question?
2 Arthur's secretary has just stopped another secretary in the
corridor.
"Have you seen Mr Tigers?" she wants to know
"Yes, I have I saw him only a moment ago He's just gone down that corridor " She might catch him if she hurries.
Questions: What has Arthur's secretary just done? What does she want to know? Has the other secretary seen Arthur? What has he just done?
3. The police are asking the ticket collector about a man they
think might be on the London tram.
"Have you seen this man?"
"No, I haven't. I mean, I don't think so."
"Has the London train left yet?"
"No, it hasn't."
Questions: Why are the police asking the ticket collector about the man in the photograph? What are their questions? What are the collector's answers?
///. Listen and imitate. Role-play the conversations.
1. So you are back from town
Yes, and I've brought you a book from the library
That's very nice of you.
2. Aunt has promised to take me to the theatre.
Will she be able to afford it, do you think?
I hope so.
3. Will Jane come to the dance tonight, do you think?
I don't think so.
Why not?
Because she hasn't come home yet.
4. It's Mrs Baker's birthday tomorrow.
I know.
Have you written to her yet?
No, I haven't, but I'm going to.
5. Has Tom got married?
Yes, he has.
When did he get married?
Last month.
6. Has Jane learnt to drive?
No, she hasn't.
When is she going to learn?
Next month, I think.
7. I am worried about Paul. He's failed his exam again.
I say, he must be either unlucky or ill.
He is neither unlucky nor ill. He is simply lazy
You may be right.
8. Have you thanked David for all his wonderful help?
No, I haven't.
Why haven't you?
I'm sorry, but I've been unable to get in touch with him.
9. Have you written to Ann?
No, I haven't.
Why haven't you?
I'm sorry, but I've been awfully busy.
10. Jim is going to become a professional footballer.
Is he really?
Yes, he is, though he has never played in the school team.
How extraordinary!
11. What's the matter?
I've just fallen off my bicycle.
Poor boy!
12. Mike Hanson has joined a jungle expedition.
What for?
To shoot a film about animals
That's very brave of him.
13. I've found this pen Is it yours?
No, it isn't mine I think it's Kate's.
I don't think so, she has a green one.
But she has more than one pen
14. Have you ever been to Scotland?
I've only been there once, but I've often been to Wales.
I've never been to Wales. Is it pleasant there?
Oh, very pleasant, but it frequently rains in summer.
15. You've missed a lot of English classes lately
Yes, I'm afraid so.
I hope you'll come to class on Tuesday.
I'm afraid not. I'll be going to Moscow on Tuesday.
16. I don't see my dictionary on the table. Who has taken it?
It's me. I have put it on the shelf
17. Have you ever been to St. Petersburg?
Yes, I've been there several times.
As for me I've never been there.
Really? You should see it. It's one of the most beautiful cities I've ever seen.
18. Have you read many books this year?
I wouldn't say that. Just a couple.
Which book has interested you most?
"Hotel" by A Hailey.
19. I'm afraid I have caught cold. I am not feeling well.
Have you called the doctor?
Yes, Mother has just phoned him.
20. I see Peter hasn't returned yet, eh?
No, he hasn't.
Why is he so long?
I think he has gone to the movies.
21. What's the time?
Sorry, I've left my watch at home.
22. You know the city well You have been here before, haven't
you?
Yes, I have.
23. "Henry!" "Yes, dear?"
"I'm going up to bed now. Don't forget to do your little jobs." "No, dear."
Henry turned off the television and went into the kitchen. He fed the cat, washed up several dishes, dried them and put them away. Then he put the cat out, locked all the doors and turned out all the lights. When he got to the bedroom, his wife was sitting up in bed reading a book and eating chocolates.
"Well dear, have you done all your little jobs?" "I think so, my love." "Have you fed the cat?" "Yes, dear."
"Have you put him out?" "Yes, dear."
"Have you washed up the dishes?" "Yes, dear."
"Have you put them all away?" "Yes, dear."
"Have you turned out all the lights?" "Yes, dear."
"Have you locked the front door?" "Yes, dear."
"Then you can come to bed." "Thank you, dear."
After a little while they heard a gate banging downstairs. "Henry.". "Yes, dear."
"I'm afraid you've forgotten to shut the garden gate." "Oh dear!..."
Practice
/. Listen and imitate:
1. Look! Dick has bought a record. 2. Pat hasn't given me the book yet. 3. I've just come from a very important meeting. 4. He has not thought about university yet. 5. They have received a lot of letters. 6. He has forgotten her name. 7. John is hungry because he hasn't had any breakfast. 8. We have done exercise No 2. 9. I have just spoken to my boyfriend on the phone. 10. She has planned an expensive holiday. 11. I haven't written to my wife yet. 12. My parents have just gone out for the evening. 13. Bill has asked me for some money. 14. Helen has brought the mail. 15. Our team has won the game. 16. He has paid a lot of money for his house. 17.
Oh, dear, it's going to rain and I've left my umbrella at home. 18. The course has already begun. 19. I have drunk three cups of coffee. 20. Oh, I've cut my finger. 21. I have not sent a letter to my mother yet. 22. She hasn't seen her parents yet. 23. I have never met him before. 24. Andrew has chosen a good present. 25. I've been to Paris, but I haven't been to London yet. 26. George has taken a lot of books from the library. 27. Victor has told us an interesting story. 28. Mr Robinson has taught us English. 29. He has spent his holidays in the Caucasus. 30. They have sold their car. 31. I have made a lot of mistakes in my test. 32. Roger has lost his ticket. 33. I remember that I have put the magazine on this shelf. 34. Lucy has drawn a nice picture. 35. I have broken my umbrella. 36. Robert has become an engineer. 37. I haven't read the article yet. 38. Have you eaten your steak? 39. Have you heard this opera before? 40. Have the police found the man yet? 41. Has he lent you any money? 42. Has Bill shown you his new car? 43. Have you signed the documents? 44. Have you caught much fish today? 45. Have you ever swum in the Atlantic Ocean?
//. Agree with the following utterances. Show the connection of these completed past actions with the present in their result. Use the prompts.
e.g. You have washed the dishes, haven't you? (clean)
Yes, I have. They are clean.
e.g. Mary hasn't done the room, has she? (untidy)
No, she hasn't. It's very untidy.
1. You've brought the records, haven't you? (in my bag) 2. You haven't had dinner yet, have you? (hungry) 3. Susan has passed her exams, hasn't she? (on holiday now) 4. Victor has gone away on business, hasn't he? (in Moscow now) 5. You haven't fixed the TVset, have you? (still, out of order) 6. You have typed the article, haven't you? (on the table) 7. You have made dinner, haven't you? (ready) 8. You have worked hard today, haven't you? (tired). 9. Bob hasn't come home yet, has he? (still, at work) 10. Jane has caught cold, hasn't she? (ill)
///. Express your disagreement with the following interrogative-negative utterances:
e.g. You haven't seen Steve today, have you?
Yes, I have. I've just seen him.
1. You haven't laid the table, have you? 2. He hasn't found his glasses, has he? 3. You haven't written to Paul, have you? 4. The lecture hasn't begun yet, has it? 5. She hasn't sent the parcel, has she? 6. John hasn't come yet, has he? 7. You haven't shut the door, have you? 8. He hasn't paid the bill yet, has he? 9. You
haven't told Dick, have you? 10. You haven't made tea, have you? 11. You haven't done your homework, have you? 12. Kitty hasn't woken up yet, has she? 13. Bill hasn't phoned you, has he? 14. The boss hasn't left yet, has he? 15. The postman hasn't brought the mail yet, has he? 16. You haven't washed my shirt yet, have you? 17. You haven't spoken to the boss yet, have you? 18. You haven't booked the tickets, have you? 19. You haven't read the article yet, have you? 20. You haven't cut the bread yet, have you?
IV. Answer the questions. Do it as in the example: e.g. Has Simon sent a postcard to his mother?
Yes, he has sent her a postcard.
1. Have you made a sweater for Peter? 2. Have the boys bought a present for me? 3. Has Roger given any money to you? 4. Have you lent your typewriter to Susan? 5. Have you made a cake for George and his wife? 6. Have you shown your album to Jack? 7. Have you sent a birthday card to Jane's parents? 8. Has Peter written a letter to you and your wife?
V. Say that you have already done what you are asked to do:
e.g. Don't forget to answer the letters.
I've already answered them.
1. Don't forget to buy the tickets. 2. Remember to sign the papers. 3. Don't forget to write to Mr Smith. 4. Don't forget to wash the dishes. 5. Remember to dust the bookshelves. 6. Don't forget to fix the sink. 7. Remember to phone Dr Ray. 8. Remember to cook the pudding. 9. Don't forget to post the letter. 10. Don't forget to tell Peter about the match. 11. Remember to pack our things. 12. Remember to clean your shoes. 13. Don't forget to polish the mirrors. 14. Remember to send the parcel. 15. Don't forget to shave.
VI. Say that you can't give your opinion on the subject. Follow the model:
e.g. What do you think of the exhibition? (visit) I haven't visited it yet.
1. Do you like the "Minsk" hotel? (stay) 2. How do you like the new Ryasanov's film? (see) 3. Do you find his sister pretty? (meet) 4. What does she think of the opera? (hear). 5. Do you like the book? (read) 6. How do you find Brest? (visit) 7. Does the suit fit you? (try on)
VII. Refuse the offers politely:
e.g. Would you like something to eat? (have dinner)
No, thank you. I've just had dinner.
1. Would you like a cigarette? (smoke one) 2. Would you like a cake? (eat one) 3. Would you like an orange? (have one)
4. Would you like a cup of coffee? (drink one) 5. Would you like a bottle of red wine? (buy one) 6. Would you like to taste my biscuits? (taste one)
e.g. Shall I post the letter?
No, you needn't, thank you. I've already (just) posted it. 1. Shall I wash the windows? 2. Shall I book a ticket for you?
3. Shall I buy you some medicine? 4. Shall I type your report?
5. Shall I translate the article? 6. Shall I phone Helen? 7. Shall I repair the iron? 8. Shall I dust the furniture?
VIII. Answer the questions using the prompts:
e.g. What has become of your bicycle, Peter? (break)
Don't you know? I've broken it.
1. Where is Alec? (leave for Rome.) 2. What has become of your umbrella? (lose) 3. Where are the Browns? (go to London)
4. Why hasn't Mary come? (fall ill) 5. Where is your car? (sell)
6. Why does Jane look so upset? (fail her finals) 7. I hear your brother is at hospital. What has happened to him? (break one's arm)
e.g. Will Lucy take part in the discussion? (not, return from Glasgow)
I don't think so. She hasn't returned from Glasgow yet. 1. Will Mike go to the pictures with us? (not, do one's homework) 2. Will Donald come to the party? (not, pass one's exams) 3. Will Sam Morgan play today? (not, recover) 4. Will the boss be leaving soon? (not, receive all the visitors) 5. Will Mary join us? (not, finish work) 6. Will Peter be leaving for London tonight? (not, buy a ticket)
IX. Complete the situations. Use the verbs given:
e.g. Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. (lose) He has lost his key.
1. Yesterday Bill was playing football. Now he can't walk and his leg is in plaster, (break) 2. Jane was busy typing some time ago. Now she is free, (finish typing) 3. Mr Brown knows much, (read a lot) 4. Kate is very happy, (do well in all her exams) 5. The girl is crying, (fall down) 6. The students were doing a test at
5. They are having a break at the moment, (write one's test)
7. I am very tired, (do a lot of work about the house) 8. Betty is pleased, (swim much today) 9. Harry is proud, (become a student) 10. I don't remember where Steve lives, (forget one's address)
A". Complete the situations. Use "so far":
e.g. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him so far today. 1. It rained a lot last week but... this week. 2. It snowed a lot last winter but... this winter. 3. We ate a lot yesterday but... today. 4. I played tennis a lot last year but... this year. 5. She worked hard last term but... this term. 6. I watched television yesterday evening but... this evening. 7. My favourite football team won a lot of matches last season but... this season.
XL You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about the people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form: e.g. Phil/find a new job.
Phil has found a new job.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. Charles/go/Brazil
2. Jack and Jill/decide to get married
3. Susan/have a baby
4. Mike/give up smoking
5. George/pass his driving test
6. Mary/become a student
7. My parents/retire
XII. Complete the answers to these questions. Use the verbs in brackets:
e.g. Is it a beautiful painting? (see)
Yes, it's the most beautiful painting I've ever seen.
1. Is she an interesting person? (meet) 2. Is it a long book? (read) 3. Is it a good opera? (hear) 4. Is the article difficult? (translate) 5. Is the film funny? (see) 6. Is Uncle Jack a kind man? (know) 7. Is it an exciting trip? (have) 8. Is the record expensive? (buy) 9. Is Mary a tall girl? (meet) 10. Is the test hard? (do)
XIII. Ask and answer questions using the words given:
e.g. you/book the tickets
Have you booked the tickets?
No, I haven't but I'm going to.
1. Mary/type the article; 2. they/discuss the project; 3. you/eat at the new Italian restaurant; 4. you/pack the suitcase; 5. Peter/see the film; 6. you/begin the experiment; 7. you/tell Mary about the picnic; 8. Nancy/translate the text; 9. the Wests/sell their house; 10. David/do his homework; 11. Jack/buy a car; 12. you/have dinner; 13. she/speak to the rector; 14. you/hear "Aida"; 15. Dick/
read the article; 16. you/phone Lucy; 17. you/choose a present for Bill; 18. you/send for the doctor; 19. Harry/get married, e.g. Peter/get up/have breakfast
Has Peter got up yet?
Yes, he has. He is having breakfast now.
1. Tom/do one's exercises/play chess; 2. Jill/check the tests/ watch TV; 3. Lucy/have dinner/wash up; 4. Mary/clean the flat/type; 5. Jane/write the letters/dust the carpet; 6. you/cook supper/lay the table, e.g. John/get up/sleep
Has John got up yet?
No, he hasn't. He's still sleeping.
1. Emma/cook dinner/make soup; 2. you/give the book back to Mike/read; 3. Dick/leave for the airport/pack one's suitcase; 4. Kate/find one's gloves/look for them; 5. Miss Green/finish typing/type; 6. the boys/return home/play football, e.g. you/Warsaw
Have you ever been to Warsaw?
Yes, I've been there several times, (twice, once) (No, I have never been there)
1. you/London; 2. your wife/Brest; 3. your husband/Paris; 4. you/India; 5. your sister/Georgia; 6. your brother/Siberia; 7. you/China; 8. your boss/France; 9. you/Kiev; 10. you/Glasgow; 11. you/Yalta, e.g. you/hear from George/recently
Have you heard from George recently?
Yes, I have. (No, I haven't)
1. you/read much/lately; 2. you/eat anything/today; 3. you/have a holiday/this year; 4. you/see/any good films/lately; 5. you/play tennis/recently; 6. you/see/Tom/in the past few days; 7. you/work hard/this week; 8. you/often/go out/lately; 9. you/ swim/much/recently; 10. you/be abroad/this year.
XIV. Respond to the following suggestions:
e.g. Let's book the tickets tomorrow.
Haven't you booked them yet?
No, I haven't.
1. Let's invite Helen to the party. 2. Let's write a letter to Uncle Jack. 3. Let's make supper. 4. Let's hear "Carmen". 5. Let's see this film. 6. Let's send her a telegram. 7. Let's wash the windows. 8. Let's visit the art exhibition.
XV. Express surprise in response to the following utterances:
e.g. Jack has failed his exam.
Has he?
e.g. Robert hasn't come.
Hasn't he?
1. They have already finished the test. 2. We haven't invited the Blacks. 3. I have never heard this song before. 4. Mary has enjoyed the performance. 5. The Wests have sold their house. 6. Roger has won the race. 7. My parents have never been abroad. 8. Dick hasn't helped me. 9. Jane has decided to become an actress. 10. Mr Smith has already left. 11. John hasn't fixed the sink.
XVI. Express solidarity:
e.g. I have already read this book. And you?
So have I.
e.g. Kate hasn't come yet. And Betsy?
Neither has Betsy.
1. David has caught a lot of fish. And Jack? 2. Mary has enjoyed the film. And Lucy? 3. I haven't heard from Steve yet. And you? 4. Ann has never been to Spain. And Bill? 5. I have already had dinner. And you? 6. Victor has already written his test. And Bob? 7. Nina hasn't left yet. And Helen? 8. John has come. And Peter?
XVII. Ask and answer questions as shown in the example:
e.g. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: Is this the first time you've driven a car? John: Yes, I've never driven a car before.
1. Roger is playing tennis. He is not very good and doesn't know the rules. You ask:... Roger:...
2. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't feel very confident and comfortable. You ask:... Sue:...
3. Maria is in England. She's just arrived and it's very new for her. You ask:... Maria:...
4. Lucy is making a cake. But she is not sure it will be a good cake. You ask:... Lucy:
5. Mrs Smith is on board a plane flying to Canada. She feels very nervous about it. You ask:... Mrs Smith:...
XVIII. Ask and answer questions. Use the words given.
e.g. you/invite/the Baxters/the Hunts
You've invited the Baxters, haven't you?
Yes, I have but I haven't invited the Hunts.
1. you/phone/Helen/Alice; 2. Dick/bring/the map/the compass; 3. you/be/London/Liverpool; 4. you/tell/Emma/Tom; 5. Mike/send/the letter/the parcel; 6. you/see/the art-gallery/the space
museum.
XIX. Respond to the following phrases:
e.g. I am going to visit Paul.
So you haven't visited him yet, have you? 1. I am going to send her a telegram. 2. Jane is going to change her flat. 3. I am going to visit Helen. 4. I am going to hear "Carmen". 5. Bill is going to buy a car. 6. I am going to write to Lucy.
XX. Answer the questions:
1. Have you seen any interesting films lately? 2. What new places have you visited this year? 3. How many cigarettes have you smoked today? 4. How much money have you spent this week? 5. How many holidays have you spent at the seaside over the past six years? 6. Have you read much this month? 7. How many questions have you answered so far?
XXI. Learn the dialogues and make substitutions:
1. A: Be careful! B: Why!
A: I've just painted the door.
B: It's all right... I haven't touched it.
A: Haven't you? What's that on your arm?
Prompts: shelf/hand; desk/leg; chair/shoulder; wall/elbow
2. A: I'm bored.
B: Well, do something! A: What, for example? B: Wash your hair. A: I've already washed it. B: Brush your shoes! A: I've already brushed them. B: Why don't you clean your room? A: I've already cleaned it. B: Well,... perfect your English! A: Hmm...
Prompts: finish your homework; iron your clothes; telephone your friend; study your English
XXII. Complete the following phrases. Use the Present Perfect:
e.g. She must work hard.
She has failed her exam, (or: She has missed a lot of classes.)
1. We are free now. 2. Why don't you read the article? 3. Don't
forget to phone Tom. 4. Shall I send him some money? 5. Open the
door, please. 6. Where are the cups? 7. You must book a ticket in
advance. 8. What about going to a pub? 9. Do your homework.
10. What has happened to Paul? 11. Let's invite Mary. 12. I'm not hungry. 13. Victor won't come. 14. Switch off the light in the kitchen. 15. Ann is upset. 16. Shall I wash the dishes? 17. Will you please fix the sink? 18. What has become of your bicycle? 19. Kate looks happy. 20. Will Steve join us? 21. Did you enjoy the book? 22. Is Peter a clever man? 23. Do you like his new car? 24. You must teach him to swim. 25. I can't afford a rest at the seaside this year. 26. I'm going to post the letter on my way home. 27. Would you like a cup of tea? 28. I don't know your friend Smith. 29. What is the film about? 30. What about a game of chess? 31. He knows France very well. 32. Why don't you buy this typewriter?
XXIII. Make up dialogues using the prompts: e.g. A: I've just been to the new Chinese restaurant.
B: Oh! Have you? I've just been to an Indian restaurant. Prompts: a new French car/a German car; a book by John Wyndham/a book by Nevil Shute; a new job in London/a new job in Bristol; lunch in the new canteen/lunch in the cafe round the corner; the film at the Odeon/the film at the Plaza; a concert on Radio 2/a play on Radio 3.
Fluency
/. Listen to the conversations. Ask and answer questions. Role-play the conversations.
\. Paul: Can you lend me $ 50?
Bill: Sorry, I can't... I haven't been to the bank today.
Paul: Oh dear... I haven't been either, and I need some money. It's too late now... it's four o'clock.
Bill: Why don't you ask Peter?
Paul: Oh, has he been to the bank?
Bill: Yes, he has He always goes on Mondays.
Questions: How much money does Paul need? Why can't Bill lend him $ 50? Has Paul been to the bank today? What does Bill advise Paul to do? 2. David: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I've been to 47 different countries.
David: Really! Have you been to China?
Nora: Yes, I've visited China twice.
David: What about India?
Nora: I've never been to India.
Questions: Has Nora travelled much? How many countries has she visited? Has she been to China? She has been to India too,
hasn't she? What countries have you visited? Have you ever been to Madrid? Have you seen Paris?
3. Father: Your mother has told me that you've given up your job.
You don't want to work any more. What are your plans?
John: Yes, that's right. I've decided to drive a camping bus across Europe and the Middle East to India. It's something I've always wanted to do. I've saved enough money and I'm going to do it.
Father: I've talked to your mother and she's very unhappy about what you're doing. Please think again.
John: I've thought about it carefully and it's my decision. Questions: What has John done? What are his plans? Are John's parents happy that he has given up his job?
4. Jill: Hello, Steve. I'm home. It's rather cold in here.
Steve: I've turned the heating on. It's getting warm now. I've been very busy, so I'm not cold. I've washed all the windows. I've cleaned the flat and I've answered four letters. I've also cleared a lot of papers off my desk, so it looks nice and tidy now. I feel exhausted. Jill: And have you washed the dishes? Steve: I've already washed and dried the dishes. And I've
just made a pot of tea. Come and have a cup. Jill: Wonderful! Have you painted the kitchen door? Steve: No, I haven't started with the door yet. Jill: You've worked really hard, Steve. Congratulations! Oh, Steve... I've invited Pam and Jeff for dinner. They are coming tonight and... Have you cooked dinner? Steve: No, I haven't. Jill: Oh, good! Your curries are so good, they are better than
mine
Questions: Why does Steve feel exhausted? What housework has he done? What hasn't he done yet? Who is coming to see the Baxters tonight?
Situation: You've just come home from work. You ask your daughter whether she has done the work you told her to do when you were leaving the house.
5. Elmer Colt is from Kansas. He's on a 14- day tour of Europe. The tour started in London. At the moment he's in Prague. It's the eighth day of the tour. He's already been to seven countries and stayed in the capital cities. He's never been to Europe before, and he's already seen a lot of new places. He's done a lot of interesting things... and the tour hasn't finished yet.
Mrs Colt:... Elmer?... Is that you?
Elmer: Yes, Momma.
Mrs Colt: Where are you now, Elmer?
Elmer: I've just arrived in Prague, Momma.
Mrs Colt: You haven't sent me any postcards yet.
Elmer: Yes, I have... I've sent one from every city.
Mrs Colt: Have you been to Paris yet, Elmer?
Elmer: Yes, I have.
Mrs Colt: Have you been to Vienna yet?
Elmer: No, I haven't. We are going to Vienna tomorrow.
Mrs Colt: Elmer! Are you still there?
Elmer: Yes, Momma.
Mrs Colt: How many countries have you seen now, Elmer?
Elmer: Well, this is the eighth day, so I've already seen eight
countries.
Mrs Colt: Have you spent much money, Elmer? Elmer: Yes, Momma. I've bought a lot of souvenirs... and I want to buy some more. Can you send me a thousand dollars?
Mrs Colt: All right, Elmer. Mrs Colt: Elmer, are you listening to me? Elmer: Yes, Momma.
Mrs Colt: Have you taken many photographs, Elmer? Elmer: Yes, Momma, I've taken a lot. I've used three rolls
of film.
Mrs Colt: Have you met any nice girls yet, Elmer? Elmer: Oh, yes, Momma... there's a girl from Texas on the
tour. We've done everything together. Mrs Colt: Elmer! Elmer! Are you still there, Elmer?
Questions: Where is Elmer Colt from? What is he doing at the moment? How many countries has he visited so far? Where is he phoning his mother from? Has he sent his mother any postcards? What does Elmer ask his mother to do? Has Elmer taken any photographs? Has Elmer met any nice girls? Where is his girlfriend from?
Situation: Imagine you are on a tour of Europe. It's the tenth day of your tour and you are phoning your friend from Paris.
Self check
/. Use the proper tense forms.
1. At last I (do) my homework. I can go for a walk now. 2. The delegation already (arrive) but we (not, speak) with its members yet. 3. Last month I (read) two interesting books but I (not, read) anything so far this month. 4. "You (make) any spelling mistakes in your test?" "No, I (not, make) any mistakes." 5. "Where is Jane?" "She (go) to the shops. She'll be back soon." 6. "You ever (be) to the USA?" "Yes, I (be) to New York
several times." 7. I (play) a lot of tennis since the summer (begin). 8. We (not, see) John this morning but we (see) him a couple of days ago. 9. Harry is ill. He (have) an accident. He (break) his leg. 10. "You (finish) typing?" "Not yet. In fact I just (begin)." 11. "How many records you (bring)?" "Five". 12. "You ever (find) anything valuable?" "No, I...." 13. "Mr West (sell) his house yet?" "Yes, he.... He (sell) it last week." "He (move) to his new house yet?" "No, not yet."
//. Translate into English:
1. - ? ? . . 2. ? . , . ? ? , . 3. . , . 4. 5 , . 5. - ? , . 6. ? . 7. . . 8. . . 9. ? , . 10. ? . 11. ? , .
PRESENT PERFECT (I) AND SIMPLE PAST (COMPARED)
Illustrative Situations
/. Study these example situations. Learn them.
We use the Present Perfect (have done) to give new information or to announce a recent happening. But if we continue to talk about it we normally use the Past Simple (did):
1. Oh! I've burnt myself!
How did you do that?
I touched a hot dish.
2. I've bought a very good raincoat.
Where did you buy it?
In one of the small shops in Regent Street.
How much did it cost?
£ 50.
Do not use the Present Perfect when you are talking about a finished time in the past (for example: yesterday, two years ago, in 1979, when I was a child, etc.):
Tom lost his key yesterday. I translated the article on Friday. I last saw him in 1985.
Use the Simple Past to ask WHEN something happened: What time (when) did he arrive?
Compare: I've smoked 20 cigarettes today, (it is still today) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday, (the event is past)
3. Julia has just come to work. She is late again. She is asking one of the typists about her boss. He often comes in late, too. "Has the boss come yet?"
"Yes, he has. He's in the office now." "When did he come?"
"He came very early. He noticed you weren't here." Questions: What has Julia just done? Has her boss come yet? What did he notice? Did he come early or late?
4. __ Have you ever studied a language before?
Yes, I have.
Oh, which one did you study?
I studied French at school.
5. Have you
