Модальные глаголы не называют действие, а выражают отношение лица к действию.
Наиболее употребительные модальные глаголы «саn», «may» и «must».
Модальные глаголы обладают общими свойствами:
1) образуют вопросительную и отрицательную форму без вспомогательных глаголов:
- May I come in?
- No, you may not.
2) в 3 л. ед. ч. не принимают окончание «s»:
You must prepare your thesis. He must prepare his thesis.
3. за ними следует инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы «to»:
She must think it over.
4) глаголы «can» и «may» имеют формы прошедшего времени – could и might, соответственно. Однако, ни один модальный глагол сам по себе не может стоять в будущем времени, а глагол «must» не имеет и формы прошедшего времени. Отсутствующие формы компенсируются эквивалентами модальных глаголов:
Can, could – эквивалент «to be able to …»
May, might – эквивалент «to be allowed to + infinitive»
Must – эквиваленты «to be to …» и «to have to …»
См. примеры:
They will be able to take part in the conference.
He will be allowed to go for a business trip.
She was to answer the question.
You will have to pass an examination. __
| Модаль ные глаголы | Значение | Эквива- ленты | Present | Past | Future |
| CAN мочь, быть способным | Способность (физическая, ментальная) | be able to | Can Am/is/are able to | Could Was/were able to | Will be able to |
| MUST должен | Обязанность (моральный долг), обязательства | have to be to | Must Have to/has to; am/is/are to | Had to: Was(were) to | Will have to |
| MAY можно, может быть | Возможность благодаря разрешению | be allowed | May Am/is/are allowed | Might Was(were) allowed | Will be allowed |
| SHOULD должен, следует, обязан | Совет, рекомендация | You should take an umbrella, it`s going to rain. | |||
| OUGHT TO должен, должен был | Обязанность (моральный долг), обязательства | He ought to have written to her |
ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА
| Question word | Question | Answer |
| WHEN Когда? | When did they arrive? When will you com? | Yesterday. Next Monday. |
| WHERE Где? | Where is she? Where can I find a book? | At home. On that table. |
| WHY Почему? | Why did he leave early? Why aren`t you coming with us? | Because he`s ill. I`m tired. |
| HOW Как? | How did you come to the Univ.? How does he drive? How much money does it cost? How many people came? How old are you? How cold is it? How soon can you get there? How fast were you driving? How long has he been here? How often do you write home? How far is it to Miami from here? | By bus. Carefully. Two dollars. Fifteen. Twelve. Ten below zero. In ten minutes. 50 miles an hour. Two years. Every week. 500 miles. |
| WHO Кто? | Who can answer this question? Who came to visit you? Who is coming to dinner tonight? Who wants to come with me? | I can. Jane and Eric. Ann, Bob, and Al. We do. |
| WHOM Кому? | Who(m) did you see? Who(m) are you visiting? Who(m) should I talk to? To whom should I talk? | I saw George. My relatives. The secretary. |
| WHOSE Чей? | Whose book did you borrow? Whose key is this? Whose is this? | David`s. It`s mine. |
| WHAT Что? | What made you angry? What went wrong. | His rudeness. Everything. |
| WHICH Какой? | Which pen do you want? Which one do you want? Which do you want? | The blue one. That one. |
11. СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА В АКТИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
| SIMPLE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
| Выражает обычное, постоянно повторяющееся действие | Выражает действие, происходящее в момент речи или в определенный момент времени | Выражает свершившееся действие к моменту речи в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем | Выражает действие, начавшееся в определенный момент речи и продолжающееся | |
| PRESENT | V|Vs/es (3л., ед.ч.) do|does? (3л., ед.ч.)? every day, often, usually, sometimes, seldom I usually go to the swimming pool three times a week. | Be(am, are, is) +Ving ?Am I? Is he? Are you? At the moment, now …when… He is going to the swimming pool now. | Has +Ш.непр. V|Ved Have Already, just, ever, yet He has already gone to the swimming pool. | Has + been + Ving Have For, since He has been going to the swimming pool for 3 years. |
| PAST | Ved/IIф.неправ.V did? yesterday, last, ago Yesterday I went to the swimming pool. | Was (I,she,he,it) +Ving Were (you,we,they) Yesterday at 3o`clock …when… At that moment yesterday he was going to the swimming pool. | Had+IIIф.непр.V/Ved by, when…+IIIф.V/Ved When she came home, Peter had already gone to the swimming pool. | Had+been V/Ving For, since, …when…, before He had been going to the swimming pool for one year when he stopped. |
| FUTURE | Will + V tomorrow, next in (a month) Tomorrow I will go to the swimming pool. | Will + be +Ving tomorrow from 3to5 Tomorrow at seven o`clock he will be going to the swimming pool. | Will + have + IIIф.V/Ved by, …when… When she comes home tomorrow, Peter will have already gone. | will+ have+been + Ving for, by, before when(if) +V (simple) He will have been going to the swimming pool for three years by Sept. |
12. СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА В ПАССИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
Страдательный залог в английском языке характерен для научного стиля речи.
В страдательном залоге над человеком (над предметом) действие совершается, отсюда и название залога – «страдательный» или «пассивный».
Английский пассив образуется только от переходных глаголов (способных иметь после себя прямое дополнение) с помощью вспомогательного глагола «to be» в нужном времени, числе и лице и 3ей формой смыслового глагола:
They treated the problem carefully (active). (Они внимательно рассмотрели эту проблему).
The problem was treated carefully (passive). (Эта проблема была внимательно рассмотрена).
Бывшее беспредложное косвенное дополнение, становясь подлежащим в страдательном залоге, переводится на русский язык винительным или дательным падежом:
They invited me to the conference. (Они пригласили меня на конференцию).
I was invited to the conference. (Меня пригласили на конференцию).
Бывшее предложное косвенное дополнение, становясь подлежащим в страдательном залоге, требует переноса предлога на конец страдательной конструкции.
При переводе на русский язык необходимо восстановить структуру русского предложения и поставить перевод в начало предложения перед подлежащим:
They sent for a consultant. (Они послали за консультантом).
A consultant was sent for. (За консультантом послали).
См. также:
These articles are often referred to. (На эти статьи часто ссылаются).
This book was much spoken about. (Об этой книге много говорили).
| SIMPLE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | |
| Выражает обычное, постоянно повторяющееся действие | Выражает действие, происходящее в момент речи или в определенный момент времени | Выражает свершившееся действие к моменту речи в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем | |
| PRESENT | be(am,are,is)+IIIф.непр.V/Ved every day, often, usually sometimes, seldom Many houses are built every year. | Be(am,are,is)+being+IIIф.V/Ved at the moment, now, …when… The house is being built now. | Has +been+IIIф.V/Ved have already, just, ever, yet The house has already been built. |
| PAST | was + IIIф.непр.V/Ved were yesterday, last, ago The house was built last year. | Was + being + IIIф.V/Ved were yesterday at 3o`clock, …when… The house was being built from Sept. till May. | Had + been + IIIф. V/Ved By, …when…+IIIф.V/Ved The house had been built by Dec. |
| FUTURE | will + be + IIIф.V/Ved tomorrow, next, in (a month) The house will be built next year. | Время в пассивном залоге НЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ | will + have + been + IIIф.V/Ved By, …when… The house will have been built by the next year. |
