Sounds [t∫]-[dʒ]
[t∫] is a consonant, occlusive-constrictive, forelingual, palato-alveolar, voiceless, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords are kept apart and do not vibrate. The soft palate is raised so that the breath is trapped for a short time then the obstruction is released slowly and the friction is heard. The tip of the tongue touches the back part of the teeth ridge. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The lips are neutral or slightly rounded.
Task 1 Listen and say the sound (B34).
[t∫] is usually spelled:
ch chips choose March which
t future question
tch catch watch kitchen
Note: In the word Czech, cz is pronounced [t∫], and ch is pronounced [k].
The words check, cheque and Czech all sound the same: [t∫ek].
Task 2 Listen and say these sentences:
1 Which questions did you choose in the exam?
2 The picture in the kitchen is by a Czech artist.
[dʒ] is a consonant, occlusive-constrictive, forelingual, alate-alveolar, voiced, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords are brought together and vibrate. The soft palate is raised so that the breath is trapped for a short time then the obstruction is released slowly and the friction is heard. The tip of the tongue touches the back part of the teeth ridge. The front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The lips are neutral or slightly rounded.
Task 3 Listen and say the sound (B35).
- Listen and say the sounds [t∫] and [dʒ].
[dʒ] is usually spelled:
j jam jacket jeans job jet
g general
ge age large
dge fridge
Task 4 Listen and say these sentences:
1 Whos that wearing a large orange jacket?
2 Theres some juice in the fridge.
3 Languages are a bridge between people.
Tongue twisters
[t∫]
Out in the pasture the nature watcher watches the catcher. While the catcher watches the pitcher who pitches the balls. Whether the temperatures up or whether the temperatures down, the nature watcher, the catcher and the pitcher are always around. The pitcher pitches, the catcher catches and the watcher watches. So whether the temperatures rises or whether the temperature falls the nature watcher just watches the catcher whos watching the pitcher whos watching the balls.
[dʒ]
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread
Spread it thick, say it quick!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread
Spread it thicker, say it quicker!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread
Dont eat with your mouth full!
Task 5 Pronounce correctly and spell the words:
[faɪn], [fa:], [self], [flaɪ], [`verɪ], [seɪv], [voɪs], [sevn], [wɪl], [wen], [`wɪndəu], [wet], [si:], [set], [saɪn], [seɪv], [skaɪ], [pres], [pi:s], [zu:], [`zɪrou], [pli:z], [saɪz], [wə:dz], [li:vz], [`gla:sɪz], [mʌnθ], [ðæt], [ðen], [θɪn], [ðeɪ], [wɪð], [`bə:θdeɪ], [`weðə], [ti:θ], [∫ɪp], [∫eɪv], [∫aɪn], [∫ud], [rʌ∫], [kən`dɪ∫n], [`pleʒə], [`meʒə], [`eɪʒə], [tele`vɪʒən], [t∫es], [mæt∫], [`bʊt∫ə], [t∫i:z], [`ti:t∫ə], [dʒɒb], [hju:dʒ], [dʒæz], [`dʒelɪ], [bædʒ], [hi:l], [hel], [hɪm], [həum], [həul], [həup], [haɪd], [hɪstərɪ].
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Task 6 Transcribe the following sentences:
1. Sandy plays chess best of all.
2. We used these scissors for cutting.
3. Wealth is nothing without health.
4. His father breathes heavily.
5. I shall buy the shirt in a shop.
6. Eat with pleasure, drink with measure.
7. Charles fetched the chair for his teacher.
8. John put the orange juice into the fridge.
9. Hold the hat in your hand.
Task 7 Read the dialogue and act it in pairs:
At a Big Store
Characters: 1. Traveller (T)2. Shop Assistant (A)
T: Could you show me some tweed suits, please?
A: Do you want something heavy or light?
T: Light, please.
A: Yes, madam. Do you know your size?
T: Last year it was 13, but Ive put on some weight since then, so youd better take my measurements, please.
A: Very good, madam... I think size 14 will fit you. Do you like any of these?
T: I dont care about any of these mixtures. Have you got anything brighter?
A: What colour things will you be wearing with the suit?
T: I shall be wearing brown. Well, I think a light green would do.
A: This is a very attractive suit.
T: Yes, but the sleeves are a little too long. Can you get them shortened for me?
A: That will be altered in a few days.
T: And the waist is rather tight. Could you let it out a little?
A: Oh, yes. This can be easily put right.
T: Whats the price?
A: Thirty-two pounds sixty.
T: All right. Ill take it.
UNIT 5. Sonorants
LESSON 11 Sounds [m], [n], [ŋ]
[m] is a consonant, occlusive, bilabial, sonorant, nasal.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nasal cavity. The lips are firmly kept together.
Task 1 Listen and say the sound (B42).
[m] is usually spelled:
m me more lemon swim film some sometimes
mm summer
mb comb
mn autumn
Task 2 Listen and say these phrases:
1 sometimes in summer
4 more for you, most for me
5 in the middle of the film
[n] is a consonant, occlusive, forelingual, alveolar, sonorant, nasal.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nasal cavity. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge.
Task 3 Listen and say the sound (B43).
[n] is usually spelled:
n new now sun one gone
nn dinner sunny
kn knew know knife
Task 4 Listen and say these phrases:
1 a sunny afternoon
2 sun and moon
3 nine months
[ŋ] is a consonant, occlusive, backlingual, sonorant, nasal.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is lowered and the air goes through the nasal cavity. The back part of the tongue is pressed to the soft palate.
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Task 5 Listen and say the sound (B44).
[ŋ] is usually spelled:
The letter n is pronounced [ŋ] if there is a [k] or [g] after it.
Ng is sometimes [n] (e.g. singer) and sometimes [ŋg] (e.g. finger), nk is always pronounced [ŋk].
Task 6 Listen and say these words:
[ŋ] evening long sing singer thing
[ŋk] bank thanks think uncle
[ŋg] angry finger hungry longer single
Task 7 Listen and say these phrases:
1 thinking about things
2 a long evening singing songs
3 a hungry man is an angry man
Tongue twisters
[m]
Mary Macs mothers making Mary Mac to marry me.
My mothers making me marry Mary Mac.
Will I always be so merry when Marys taking care of me?
Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?
[n]
If you notice this notice,
You will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.
What noise annoys a noisy oyster?
Any noise annoys a noisy oyster,
But a noisy noise annoys a noisy oyster most!
[ŋ]
Spades for digging, pens for writing,
Ears for hearing, teeth for biting,
Eyes for seeing, legs for walking,
Tongues for tasting and for talking.
LESSON 12 Sounds [l], [r]
[l] is a consonant, constrictive, lateral, forelingual, alveolar, sonorant, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is raised and the air goes freely through the mouth cavity. The sides of the tongue are lowered and the air can pass between them and the palate. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge.
Task 1 Listen and say the sound (B55).
[l] is usually spelled:
l learn leave language lovely alone feel help English
ll tall well yellow
Note: [1] is long at the end of some words: people simple uncle little
In some words, the letter 1 is silent: half talk could
Task 2 Listen and say these sentences:
1 When shall we leave?
2 Are you alone?
3 How do you feel?
4 Can I help you?
5 Look at those lovely little yellow flowers.
6 Learning a language can be difficult for some people.
[r] is a consonant, constrictive, forelingual, post-alveolar, sonorant, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is raised and the air goes quietly between the tip of the tongue and the palate. The tip of the tongue is held in a position near to but not touching the back of the alveolar ridge, the front part of the tongue is low and the back is rather high so that the tongue has a curved shape.
Task 3 Listen and say the sound (B60).
[r] is usually spelled:
r red ready really right road room
rr ferry sorry
wr wrap wrist write written wrote
Task 4 Listen and say these phrases and sentences:
1 What are you reading?
2 I'm really sorry - your room isn't ready.
3 I don't know if I'm right or wrong.
4 Too much writing makes my wrist ache.
5 travelling by ferry
6 wrapping presents for Christmas
Note: Some English speakers use [r] different sounds. Listen to some other speakers saying the same examples, and notice the different [r] sounds they use.
Where there's a letter r in a word, most people in England, Wales and Australia only pronounce it if there's a vowel sound after it, in the same word or the next word. Listen.
four no [r]
forty no [r]
four days no [r]
four eggs [r] is pronounced
four hours [r] is pronounced
But most people in America, Scotland, Ireland and the south-west of England always pronounce [r] where there's a letter r in the spelling. Listen.
four [r] is pronounced
forty [r] is pronounced
four days [r] is pronounced
four eggs [r] is pronounced
four hours [r] is pronounced
Tongue twisters
[l]
Luke Luck likes lakes.
Luke's duck likes lakes.
Luke Luck licks lakes.
Luck's duck licks lakes.
Duck takes licks in lakes Luke Luck likes.
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Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes.
[r]
Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.
Ray Rag ran across a rough road.
Across a rough road Ray Rag ran.
Where is the rough road Ray Rag ran across?
Sounds [w], [j]
[w] is a consonant, constrictive, bilabial, sonorant, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is raised and the air goes to the mouth cavity. The back part of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of the tongue. The lips are firmly rounded and slightly protruded.
Task 1 Listen and say the sound (B64).
[w] is usually spelled:
w week wet way warm well weather windy away always twelve swim
wh what white which where
other spellings one language question quiet square
Note: qu is often pronounced [kw].
[w] is not pronounced in some words: answer two who whole write wrong
Task 2 Listen and say these phrases and sentences:
1 swimming in warm water 6 the wrong word
2 twenty-one words 7 the whole world
3 What's the answer? 8 question and answer
4 quarter to twelve on Wednesday 9 Where will you be waiting?
5 twenty-two languages
Task 3 Pronounce aloud:
[w] - [v]: we - V, west - vest, wet - vet, went - vent, very - well, wheel - veal, while - vile;
[w] - [f]: wife - five, very - fairy, wine - fine, water - photo, wood - foot, via - fire, vast - fast;
[j] is a consonant, constrictive, mediolingual, sonorant, oral.
Articulation: Look at the diagram. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is raised and the air goes to the mouth cavity. The front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air goes along the central part of it. The lips are generally neutral or spread.
Task 4 Listen and say the sound (B65).
[j] is usually spelled:
y yes yesterday year young
u [ju:] usual student university
ew [ju:] new view interview
other spellings beautiful queue Europe
Task 5 Listen and say these phrases and sentences:
1 a young university student
2 a beautiful view
3 waiting in a queue for an interview
4 the European Union
5 I usually walk to work but I used the car yesterday.
Note: American speakers don't pronounce [j] in some words like new and student.
Are you a new student? without [j]: Are you a new student?
Tongue twisters
[w]
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with warm washing water.
[j]
You know New York.
You need New York.
You know you need unique New York.
Task 6 Pronounce correctly and spell the words:
[met], [maɪn], [taɪm], [meɪn], [`sʌmə], [laɪn], [`leɪzɪ], [slaɪs], [felt], [let], [əuld], [sɪlɪ], [fɪlm], [laɪf], [ni:d], [nɒt], [naɪt], [ɪn'saɪd], [men], [naɪs], [faund], [mɔ:dn], [ga:dn], [pɪŋk], [sɪŋ], [`æŋgə], [`læŋwɪdʒ], [`dʒʌŋgl], [θɪŋk], [reɪn], [rɔ:], [praɪm], [breɪn], [fraɪ], [raɪt], [ru:m], [gra:s], [rest], [tri:], [jes], [ju:], [nju:], [`jeləu], [kjuə], [mju:t], [fjuəl], [wɔ:m], [wɔ:k], [həumwə:], [twaɪs], [swi:t], [wə:ld], [kwɪk].
Task 7 Transcribe the following sentences:
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1. Many men many minds.
2. Better die standing than live kneeling.
3. Lady Luck dislikes losers.
4. In youth and beauty wisdom is but rare.
5. Robert reads books regularly.
6. He was singing a nice English song.
7. Didnt this waiter work in Washington last winter?
Task 8 Read the dialogue and act it in pairs:
Dialogue
Agness Gill (AG), Henry Gill (HG), MAN (AA)
AG: What's that noise?
HG: I don't know.
AG: Look at the temperature gauge.
HG: Damn! We're boiling!
AG: Stop quickly!
HG: There's a telephone back there.
AG: Be quick!
HG: Hello. I've broken down.
AA: (on the phone): What is your car number?
HG: E 481 GVY.
AA: What model of car is it?
HG: A BMW.
AA: What colour?
HG: Red.
AA: What is the number of the phone you are calling from?
HG: 528.
AA: Where are you?
HG: About a mile away towards London.
AA: Are you a member of the AA?
HG: Yes.
AA: I'll get someone there right away.
HG: Thank you.
APPENIX 1
