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1. .. - -. ., , p.698, 2008.
2. Virginia Evans Jenny Dooley Upstream. Elementary A2 Student`s book Express Publishing, p.145, 2007.
3. Virginia Evans Jenny Dooley Upstream. Elementary A2 Student`s CD Express Publishing, p.157, 2007.
4. Virginia Evans Jenny Dooley Upstream. Elementary A2 Workbook student`s book Express Publishing, p.97, 2007.
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8. Global Beginner Coursebook. , , - , , 2010 Global Elementary Coursebook. , , - , , p.198, 2010.
9. Global Pre-intermediate Coursebook. , - , , p.199, 2010.
10. In Company Second Edition, Elementary Student`s Book with CD-Rom. , , p.240, 2010.
11. In Company Second Edition, Pre-intermediate Student`s Book with CD-Rom. , , p.137, 2009.
12. Virginia Evans Jenny Doole Upload 1 Student `s/ Publishing house: Express Publishing, 2011, p.128
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VII.
1
I. :
CONDUCTORS AND SWITCHES
A material which allows electricity to flow through it is called a conductor. Any material which will not permit the flow of electricity is known as an insulator.
Conductor wires, or leads, in any piece of electrical apparatus or installation must not be allowed to touch each other, or any other metal part. If they do, a short circuit will result which will cause failure of the apparatus and the possible dangers of fire and electric shock.
Insulating materials are used to cover and protect conductor wires and sometimes to separate them. Common insulating materials include air, oil, glass, porcelain, mica, rubber and plastics.
Heavy power cables are sometimes given an extra cover, known as a bonding or shield, made of metal for the further protection of the insulation.
A switch is used in almost every piece of electrical apparatus. Its purpose is to make complete or to break an electrical circuit. When a circuit is switched on it is a closed circuit and current will flow through it. When it is switched off the circuit is stopped. The main contacts of a switch are called poles. These are connected when the switch is on.
There are very many different kinds of switches ranging from a micro-switch, which is very sensitive, to the large and complicated ones which are used for high voltages and are sometimes known as circuit-breakers. Switches can be operated automatically by temperature or pressure control or timing devices.
II. .
III. :
electricity, electrician, electric(al); conduct, conduction, conductor; fail, failure; cover, discover, discovery; press, pressure.
IV. -ledge, -or, -ent, -ence, -ous, un-:
conduct, danger, differ, break, know, known.
V. :
heavy power cable; a closed circuit; switches used for high voltage; apparatus can be operated automatically.
VI. :
SPECIFICATION
Engine.D-108, four-stroke cycle Diesel,
air-cell piston
Engine maximum horsepower H. P. ..108
Specific fuel consumption g/e h. p./hr ...175
Diesel starting..by starter motor,
23 HP with electric starter
2
I. :
PRECAUTIONS WITH FLECTRICITY
Electricity can be very dangerous if it is carelessly used. A faulty installation or a defective piece of equipment can cause a serious fire and there is also the danger of an electric shock, with possibly fatal consequences.
Many precautions are taken and safety devices are used to minimize these dangers. Insulation, earthing, fuses and automatic cutouts are among the most common safety devices.
Insulating is the converting of a conductor with a non-conducting material to prevent it from touching another conductor. The materials used vary according to the nature of the conductor and the condition in which it is used. It may withstand extremes of temperature and resist corrosion.
Any piece of electrical apparatus which has a metal body or frame, especially portable appliances such as electric irons, kettles and power tools, must be earthed as a safety measure. Earthing is brought about by connecting the metal body or frame directly to earth with a thick conductor.
If a fault develops inside the apparatus or if the insulation on a flexible lead breaks down, any possibility of a person getting an electric shock by touching the apparatus will be avoided because the current will take the easier path back to earth.
|
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II. .
III. :
defective, carelessly, non-conducting, possibility, flexible, easier, dangerous, especially, insulating, insulation, safely, safety.
IV. -ment, -or,- ian, -less, -ful, -ous, -ity, non-:
danger, care, electric, conduct, resist, measure, develop.
V. :
to get an electric shock by touching the apparatus; precautions taken with electricity; common safety devices used in industry.
VI. :
WORKING SPEEDS OF CRANE
Load-lifting speed .. 30 m per min
Crane travelling speed 30 m per min
Slewing speed of crane head ..0.6 r.p.m.
Duration of boom-out changing from maximum to
minimum 3 hrs
3
I. :
VALVES
A valve is device which allows flow in one direction only. In radio valve this is the flow of electrons from cathode to anode. simple thermionic valve is called did because it has two electrodes: the cathode, which is negative, and the anode, which is positive. It is called thermionic valve because the cathode is in the form of filament and when it becomes hot, negative electrons become free and are attracted towards the positive anode.
There many different kinds of valves in radio receiver; they are specially designed to perform different functions. triode is valve with three electrodes, n anode, cathode and control grid. tetrode has four, and pentode five electrodes. A major development in the electronics industry is characterized by the gradual replacement of thermionic valves by transistors. transistorized circuit is simpler, smaller, and mechanically stronger. Because of these advantages the transistor has contributed greatly to rapid developments in other scientific fields, particularly space travel.
A transistor is device based n semiconductor. The semiconductor means that it is not entirely conductor, nor it is n insulator. It is crystalline in structure and has three electrodes, base, n emitter and collector.
The main difference between a valve and a transistor is that while a valve amplifies, or gives a voltage gain, a transistor gives an increase in current. Transistor can be made from germanium, silicon and other semiconductors.
II. umepo.
III. u :
direction, differ, different, difference, triode, diode, place, replace, replacement, science, scientific, scientist, conduct, semiconductor.
IV. oe c cyuco u al, -ly, -ment, -er, tele-, micro-, -or:
phone, contain, move, develop, transist, mechanic.
V. a :
a radio valve; thermionic valves are replaced by transistors; a transistorized circuit is used in space travel.
VI. a c :
SPECIFICATION
TRACTOR -54
Power, h.p............................................................................................................... 54
Speed, r. p. m........................................................................................................... 1,300
Weight, kg:
bulldozer with tractor................................................................................................. 6,450
mounter bulldozer equipment with hydraulic drive................................................ 1,350
4
I. :
TWO KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
Two different kinds of electricity are used to operate electronic apparatus.
One kind is called direct current, usually abbreviated to DC. This is the kind of electricity we get from a battery, the flow of current is in one direction on1y.
The other kind is alternating current, usually known as AC. This is the kind of electricity which is generated in power stations for domestic and industrial use. It is called alternating current because the direction of flow of electrons changes. The number of changes of current direction in every second, called cycles, is known as the frequency.
The frequency of alternating current in most parts of Europe is 50 cycles. In North America it is 60 cycles.
Very high frequencies are used in radio communication, sometimes several million cycles.
Some complicated pieces of electrical apparatus, for example radio and television receivers, do not use alternating but direct current. As the domestic supply is alternating current it is therefore necessary to change it to direct current inside the apparatus. This change, or conversion, is brought about by means of a rectifier, sometimes called a diode.
A simple diode consists of a valve which has only two electrodes, one is the anode and the other the cathode. When it is used to rectify, it will pass current only during each half cycle of the applied alternating current. The result is a pulsating current flowing in one direction, an irregular or uneven current, but a direct current. It can be made regular and even by means of a smoothing circuit.
II. .
III. p :
electronic; direct, indirect, direction; industrial, industry; change, changeable; frequent, frequency; side, inside, outside.
IV. ir-, -tion, -er, un-:
quick, known, communicate, receive, regular, usual, even.
V. eume :
electricity get from a battery; a pulsating current flowing in one direction; power station; the change by means of a rectifier; to change by means of a rectifier.
VI. a c :
SPECIFICATION
Overall dimensions, mm
length................................................ 4, 330
width................................................. 2,475
height....................................... 2,850
Speed range, km/hr:
forward, 8 speeds.......................... 3.22-10.65
reverse, 3 speeds............................ 3.11-8.63
Engine................................-130 four-stroke cycle, four-cylinder Diesel, turbo- supercharged, water-cooled
5
I. :
LAWS OF MOTION
(DYNAMICS)
We know that a force is needed in order to change the motion of a body, that is, in order to accelerate or to change its direction. In the absence of a force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. Isaac Newton was the first scientist who formulated the fundamental laws governing all motion.
These laws constitute the fundamental principles of the branch of mechanics called dynamics and are known as Newtons Laws of Motion.
Newtons First Law is: a body at rest or in uniform motion will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless some external force is applied to it.
Newtons First Law of motion, concerning bodies at rest or in uniform motion, assumes that no forces are acting to change them.
Newtons Second Law of motion assumes that some force is acting and the law describes exactly how the motion changes. Newtons Second Law of motion reads: when a body is acted upon by a constant force, its resulting acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.
The Third Law states: to every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
II. .
III. :
accelerate, acceleration, accelerator; govern, governing; mechanic, mechanics; form, uniform; internal, external; act, acting, acted, action, reaction.
IV. -ion, -or, -ence, -al, re-, -ly:
proportion, action, exact, direct, absent, accelerate.
V. :
the change of direction, to change the direction; a body remains at rest, rest a little; principles of dynamics, principal parts of dynamics; forces applied to a body.
VI. :
SPECIFICATION
POWER REQUIREMENTS
Voltage: 95-125 V a.c. and 190-2555 V a.c.
Frequency: 50-60 Hz and 400 Hz Nominal.
Consumption: 60-70 watts depending upon plug-on units used.
Regulation: All supplies are stabilized and proof against accidental short circuit.
6
I. :
NATURE RADAR
Bats, which are blind, have n echo-location system. They use hearing s mn use sight. They send out sound waves in the form of squeaks, at frequencies ranging from 20,000 t 120,000 cycles per second, far beyond human limits. Then they listen for echoes md b the sound.
These sound waves guide their movements, warn of obstacles, and help them to locate and catch the insects which they feed n.
Experiments in the 18th century proved bats could f1y and feed safely vn if blind. But it was not until 1941, when radar was invented, that bat's extraordinary hearing ability was really understood.
The Frog. When tadpole turns into frog its fishlike characteristics are transformed and major change takes l in the structure of the head. The eardrum grows and takes over the work of the 1ung. The middle ear, adapted for life in water, is replaced b n bl of hearing noises in the air. The frog must, however, sti11 remain 1s to water or its sensitive eardrums if not regularly immersed would dry out. The tadpole, which is confined to water, uses its lungs as resonators which pick u underwater vibrations.
The Fish. Fish that n hear have middle ear comprising n air bladder, linked to the inner ear b series of small bones. This bladder vibrates when touched b sound waves. The bones carry the vibrations to the inner ear, where they are transformed into nerve impulses leading to the brain.
II. ( ).
III. :
nature, natural; system, systematically; l, l; water, underwater; vibrations, vibrator, vibrate; invent, inventor.
IV. -ness, -, like-, ing, n-, -tion, -er, mis-:
hear, frequent, dark, fish, vibrate, transform, bl, understand.
V. :
sound waves, water waves, light waves; eardrum, inner ear; middle ear.
VI. .
SPECIFICATION
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
Voltage (b transformer tappings)................. 110-115 V
Frequency......................................................... 40-60 Hz
Bulbs................................................................ According to model 24V
28V
Fuse.................................................................................................. 1A
7
I. :
RADIO WAVES
Radio waves travel about n million times as fast as sound waves.
Radio waves d not need air or anything else to carry them. They travel through space in ll directions and go through walls, ceilings, and floors at the speed of 186,000 miles per second. They could go from here to the n and back in less than three seconds. We cannot see, hear or fl them, and yet they are everywhere.
And there are ll kinds of radio waves. Some vibrating 700,000 times per second, and others are vibrating more than million times r second. The number of vibrations per second is called frequency.
The different radio stations ll over the world sending out ll the time such radio waves, and each station has different wave frequency. The numbers n your radio set tell you the frequency, and you n find different stations with their help.
II, .
III. :
travel, traveller; space, spaceless; direct, direction; vibrate, vibration, vibrator; frequent, frequency.
IV. : -less, -ful, -l, -, -tion, n-, -ure, -ment:
nature, different, state, other, help, press, measure
V. :
r second, to travel through, to go through, radio waves, light waves.
VI. :
POWER UNIT
Electric motor of the 1dlifting winch:
type................................................................. 42/8
output............................................................16 kW
speed..............................................................720 r. . m.
Electric motor of the travel mechanism:
type................................................................ 31/6
output............................................................11 kW
speed..............................................................955 . . m.
Electric motor of the slewing mechanism:
t............................................................... 11/6
output............................................................2.2 kW
speed..............................................................880 r. . m,
Total output of the crane power unit........29,2 kW
Current............................................................three-phase current
Voltage............................................................380 V
8
I. :
LENGTH
The simplest of units to understand is that of length. Throughout the ages man had some method of comparison for mapping out the land, erecting buildings, and selling cloth. n interesting units were used in the past in various parts of the world. For long time the yard was used as the standard of length in Britain. Five secondary copies of this standard were made and they are kept at various places in Britain. Periodically, ll standards of length are compared with the secondary copies which are compared with the primary standard.
Mechanical engineers use the foot, (1/3 of yard), as their basic unit of length. Other units which are used are the mile and the inch. Electrical engineers use the metre as their basic unit of length. h metre was intended to b n ten-millionth of the distance, measured through Paris, from the North Pole to the Equator. The metre is sub-divided into centimetres and millimetres. Where long distances are concerned the kilometre (1000 metres) is used.
The yard is defined as equal to 0.9144 metre. Subdivision gives the foot as equal to 30.48 centimetres and the inch as equal to 2.54 centimetres.
II. ( ),
III. :
secondary, various, variation; builder, building, rebuild; distant, distance, divide, division, subdivision.
IV. : sub-, re-, centi-, -ic, -ary, -sion, -al, -ment, -ly:
metre, measure, base, second, compare, method, divide, write, period.
V. :
for measuring small lengths, the lgl standard yard, copies were made, as equal to.
VI. :
HYDRAULIC DRIVE -1
Pump delivery, liter r min. 200
Working oil pressure in system, kg r sq. cm ..30
Number of hydraulic working cylinders 2
Distributor.slide valve type, four position
Piston diameter, 100
Oil tank capacity, l ..40
9
I. :
CHANGES IN HEART OF M,
IN NUCLEUS
For thousand years or more, men tried to find out how to change n atom into another.
The secret lies in changing the particles within the heart of the atoms in the nucleus.
Phosphorus, which is sometimes used in making the heads of matches, has 15 protons and neutrons in its nucleus plus n extra neutron. If neutron collides with n of these atoms, new kind of phosphorus atom is formed with two extra neutrons. This phosphorus atom is out of balance, and soon n of its extra neutrons breaks up into electron (which is thrown out) and proton (which remains).
There is thus formed n atom with 16 protons and neutrons and this is sulphur.
There is another form of phosphorus that does not have even n extra neutron. It is also out of balance and cannot stay like this. new, light particle, positron, is thrown out, leaving n neutron behind. There remains n atom with 14 protons and neutrons, plus two extra neutrons. This is the atom of silicon, which u n find in many rocks.
II. .
III. :
change, changing; remain, remainder; collide, collision; form, formation, reform.
IV. : re-, -ing, -bl, -er, -l, dis-, -n:
part, change, break, make, slow, appear.
V. :
atom is formed, light waves, radio waves, light particles.
VI. :
SPECIFICATION
ANTIOXIDANT
Composition: reaction product of acetone and diphenylamine.
Appearance: Dark reddish-brown viscous liquid.
Specific Gravity: 1.13 at 25 .
Uses: An antioxidant with fine anti-flexcracking properties.
Excellent heat resistance.
10
I. :
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
The chemical processes in which metals form compounds with oxygen and other non-metallic elements is termed oxidation. The reverse process where compounds of metals with oxygen and other non-metallic compounds are broken down into the separate elements is termed reduction. Both processes have great significance in engineering science.
The processes of combustion and corrosion are two examples of oxidation. Oxidation generally occurs at the surface of metals in the atmosphere. This is often undesirable as for instance with a soldering iron in the absence of flux. On the other hand the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys steps from the type of surface oxide layer formed by oxidation.
Most metals oxidize in the atmosphere, so that natural sources of metals occur as compounds. Thus reduction is the basis of most extraction processes by which metals are obtained.
II. ( ).
III. :
chemical, chemistry; metallic, non-metallic; significant, significance, signify; extract, extraction, extractor.
IV. : re-, sur-, -ence, -tion, -ance, -able, -ent:
absent, form, face, occur, desire, separate, resist.
V. :
to break down into; engineering science, combustion and corrosion processes; for instance, the corrosion resistance.
VI. :
SPECIFICATION
ANTIOXIDANT
Appearance: Whitish crystals.
Specific Gravity: 1.097 at 25 ̊ C.
Melting Point: Not less than 140 ̊ C.
Solubility: Soluble in benzene, acetone and alcohol.
Uses: A powerful non-discolouring antioxidant for use in light-coloured goods.
