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A) (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)




- to be.

Model:

His dearest wish was to have a son. .

, to be , () , () .

Model:

Our purpose is to follow the growth of plants under experimental conditions. () , . -  

, - to be .

Model:

To follow the growth of plants is to learn their laws of development. - .

:

aim - intention - approach - manner - step -
object - action - method - way - purpose -
effect - task - technique - function-, procedure -

Sentences to be memorized:

He is hard to please. .
She is easy to deal with.
He was difficult to convince. .
She is pleasant to work with. .

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the infinitives as parts of compound nominal predicates.

to ask to reach to become to check to return
not to discuss to help to visit to offend  

1. My next plan for the holidays is... Europe. 2. But for the present the best thing to do was... him in his studies. 3. His lifes ambition was... a doctor. 4. The last thing I meant was... you. 5. What I want now is... to my native country. 6. My advice to you is... intimate family matters in public. 7. The place is difficult... by land. 8. His duty was... us some questions on the matter. 9. My suggestion is for you... the answers on your own.

Exercise 2. Tell other students about your plans for today (for this Sunday, for this weekend, for the summer holidays, for the future).

Model: to take a course in vegetarian cooking My plan for the future is to take a course in vegetarian cooking.

To move to London, to bake one of my delicious apple pies, to go skiing, to have a picnic with my friends, to clean up my living room, to study Italian, to train as a tourist guide, to go hiking to the mountains, to become a school teacher, to buy a dog, to go to the Crimea, to learn to swim, to listen to music, to wash my windows, to take dance lessons, to take my younger brother to the zoo, to write to my grandmother.

Exercise 3.Translate into Russian.

1. The main purpose of this chapter is to consider anthocyanins. 2. To determine these two phenomena is to investigate thoroughly their underlying mechanism. 3. The ultimate aim of the investigations is to correlate the observed structural and functional changes. 4. The function of this hormone will be to stimulate the secretion of progesterone. 5. The purpose of the mammary gland is to provide nourishment for the newborn child. 6. The tendency at present is to look upon the plasma membrane as a layer made up chiefly of lipoids and proteins. 7. The next aim is to emphasize the role of the liver in maintaining blood sugar levels. 8. The object of our work is to find the relationship between configuration and activity in cinnamic acid. 9. The primary function of anthocyanins is to attract insects and birds to plants for purposes of pollination. 10. The specific function of adrenocorticotropin has been to stimulate growth and production of hormones.

Exercise 4.Translate into English. Use the above-mentioned models.

1. . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. . 9. . 10. , , .

 

b). (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate).

:

- (compound verbal modal predicate) had better, would rather + .

To have

To be + Infinitive with to

Ought

To be bound

Must

Can + Infinitive without to

May

would rather, had better + Infinitive without to

 

to have , , , , .

Model:

I have to go through the old material. .

to be , , , .

Model:

The data obtained are to confirm this fact. () .

Must + Indefinite Infinitive , , , , , , .

Models:

You must come and see the baby. .
He looks so pale. He must beill. . , (),.

Must + Perfect Infinitive , , must , , Perfect Infinitive .

Model:

He must have come. , , .

May + Indefinite Infinitive , , , ( ) , , .

Models:

He may return tomorrow. , , .
You may order a taxi by phone. .

May + Perfect Infinitive , , may , , Perfect Infinitive .

 

Model:

He may have read this book. , , .

Might + Perfect Infinitive , , , might , , , Perfect Infinitive .

Models:

He might have visited them yesterday. , .
You might have phoned me and told me not to wait for you. , .

Ought to / Should + Indefinite Infinitive , , , .

Model:

You ought to return the book on the date fixed. .

Ought to / Should + Perfect Infinitive , (), .

Model:

You should have spoken to him a week ago. .

Can + Indefinite Infinitive , , , ().

Models:

He can play the piano. .
Its a place where you can buy everything you want. , .

can + Perfect Infinitive , can ; , , .

Model:

The substance cannot have dissolved so quickly. , .

Could + Perfect Infinitive , .

Model:

I could have gone to the conference, but I lost my invitation. , .

To bind + IndefiniteInfinitive ( , ), , , , .

Model:

This was bound to happen. () .

.

It is to be expected () .

It is to be remembered () .

Model:

It is to be expected that these elements will unite. , .

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian.

1. Water has to be thoroughly analysed during the epidemics. 2. Account had to be taken of the elastic properties of the body. 3. The lamprey must have existed at an early period. 4. Attention was to be paid to the climatic conditions. 5. This species cannot have immigrated from the North by two different routes. 6. Care is to be taken not to use methods of growing tissues on the surface of agar. 7. We know that previous to mutation there must have been a normal gene in place of the mutant gene. 8. The majority of the plant names have been taken straight from the chemical literature and taxonomists are bound to find some difficulty in interpretation. 9. Most species comprised in group 3 may have a very complicated origin. They may have immigrated from the South. 10. It is to be regretted that the deserved attention was not given to their results. 11.It is to be emphasized that some acids are found in very few species.12. It is to be noted that the aim was to demonstrate the production of cells.

Exercise 6. Translate into English. Follow the models given above.

1. . 2. , , , . 3. , , . 4. -, , . 5. ? 6. . 7. , . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. ? - 7 .

- (compound verbal aspect predicate) , , , ( , ) .

1. To start, to begin, to continue, to cease, to finish, etc + Infinitive.

Model:

It has startedto rain. .

2. To be going to + Infinitive , - .

Models:

I am going to meet him on Monday .
The conference is going to be held in Moscow. .

3. To be about + Infinitive - , - .

Model:

The remarks I am about to make refer to single cell structure. , , .

4. To tend, to go +Infinitive , , .

Model:

Some researchers tend (go) to overvalue the effects produced. .

5. To come + Infinitive - .

Model:

A biologist comes to realize the immensity of this task. () .

6. To manage + Infinitive , - .

Model:

He managed to finish his work in time. .

7. To fail + Infinitive , - .

Models:

He failed to explain these phenomena. .
Certain features fail to appear in the offspring. .

8. Cannot fail + Infinitive - .

Model:

He could not fail to notice the changes in the substance. .

9. To fail + Infinitive - , .

Models:

He wont fail to come. .
Dont fail to ask me. .

10. failure + Infinitive - , .

Model:

The failure to identify these species.

11. Used + Infinitive - , .

Model:

It used to be thought that the pigment composition ,

Exercise 7.Translate into Russian.

1. All of the droplets were similarly changed and so they used to repel one another. 2. Failure to show this process must be ascribed to stereo chemical factors which interfere with condensation. 3. The procedure described previously is not going to be repeated here. 4. Vegetation cannot fail to resume its progress towards the climax. 5. Many educated people, and particularly biologists, came to accept the evolutionary origin of species as a fact. 6. The modern woodlands of Britain are coming to be composed of planted conifers of foreign origin. 7. No consideration of abscission can fail to include some mention of ethylene. 8. We didnt manage to examine the cells of all plants and animals with the microscope. 9. Before protoplasm had come to be recognized as the physical basis of life, cytology as we know it scarcely existed. 10. It used to be thought that the pigment composition of marine phytoplankton was unsuitable for utilization.

Exercise 8. Translate into English. Use the models given above.

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. .

(Object)

(to agree, to arrange, to attempt, to choose, to decide, to deserve, to expect, to fail, to help, to hesitate, to hope, to learn, to manage, to mean, to offer, to omit, to plan, to pretend, to promise, to refuse, etc.), (able, afraid, amused, annoyed, anxious, ashamed, astonished, bound, careful, certain, content, crazy, curious, delighted, determined, difficult, due, eager, easy, fit, fortunate, free, frightened, glad, grateful, good, happy, hard, helpless, horrified, impatient, interested, keen, likely, lucky, obliged, pleased, ready, relieved, right, safe, slow, sorry, etc.)

Models:

She agreedto come at ten. .
Im powerlessto do anything. , - .
Im delightedto see you again .

to cause, to get, to lead, to make , , , , , , , .

Models:

Heat causes snow to melt. .
We got him to return to the same subject .
The facts led us to assume that ,

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the infinitives as objects. Translate the sentences.

to be alive to meet to hear to tell to be to learn to retire
to post to be to start to hear to switch off to have seen to give

1. He claims... an expert on the subject. 2. Im sorry, I forgot...your letter. 3. I was sorry... that you thought I disliked you. 4. I propose... early. 5. Im glad... you. 6. He promised... here at 6 oclock. 7. He decided... when he reached the age of sixty. 8. He was anxious... you. 9. You are lucky... after being in that accident. 10. He was afraid... his colleagues about it. 11. I was horrified... that my brothers plane had crashed. 12. I was relieved... that my brother was safe. 13. Dont forget to... the light, when you leave the room. 14. He promised... his son a bicycle as a birthday present.

Exercise 2. Use the adjectives in brackets to express your feelings.

Model: I saw a photograph of myself on the first page (astonished). I was astonished to see a photograph of myself on the first page.

1. I found that no preparations had been made (surprised). 2. I heard that I could have every weekend off (delighted). 3. I saw that I had passed the exam (glad). 4. I saw that I had failed the exam (sorry). 5. I found that the Englishman understood me (pleased). 6. I learnt that no room had been reserved for me (annoyed). 7. I heard that you cant come skiing after all (disappointed). 8. I found everyone still in bed at eleven oclock (shocked). 9. I saw that the beds had been made (glad). 10. I heard that the last train had just left (disappointed).

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The author has attempted to make the student feel that genetics is a growing science. 2. It is hard to get lichens grow under laboratory conditions. 3. Observations on dogs treated with testosterone propinate led us test this compound in man. 4. The chromosomes cause the offspring to resemble their parents. 5. His interest in optics led him to examine all sorts of objects with the compound microscope. 6. Diseases cause changes to occur in tissues. 7. These findings may help to account for the results.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English. Follow the models given above.

1. , . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. ? 8. , , . 9. , , . 10. . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , .

 

(Attribute)

? ( , ) , .

Models:

The species to be included in each group are indicated on the list. , , . , ,
This is one of the important items to be insisted upon. , .

:

) (the first, the second) the last, the next, the only.

Models:

Jack was the first to come. .
She was the last to reach the hall. .
Fulton was the first physiologist to suggest this hypothesis. , , .

) , (much, little, a great deal, plenty, no more).

Model:

I have no more to add. .

) (somebody, something, anybody, anything, no one, nowhere, nothing, etc).

Models:

I have something to tell you. - .
I want someone to speak to. - .

) - one.

Model:

He is not the oneto discuss his affairs with other people. , .

) (which, whom) .

Model:

They have excellent laboratories in which to work. , ( ).

.

about, shortly + Infinitive , .

Model:

A few accounts about to be presented are by no means a complete history of microbiology. , , .

, + to come :

- the generations to come ( ),

- the years to come () .

Model:

Science is inextricably bound to industry, to the generations to come. , .

Exercise 1. Use the following Infinitives in the correct from to complete the sentences. Translate the sentences.

to increase to do to grow up to enter to build
to return to spare to influence to say to survey
to get on to add to run to leave to remain

l. The government made a decision... old-age pensions. 2. He is a difficult man... with. 3. He could think of nothing else 4. There was nothing else... to what had been said. 5. At sixteen he had an ambition... and... this fine motel. 6. The whole family made the decision... to their native country. 7. Television has power... minds. 8. Now he had nothing... his dreams on. 9. She was always the first relative... the visiting pen on visiting days and the last.... 10. It was the wrong thing.... 11. There is no reason for you... in bed if you dont feel weak now.

Exercise 2. Make sentences using the infinitives as attributes.

Model A: We have no time to wait for him.

Model B: He is not a man to rely on.

Model C: She had nobody to help her.

To say a kind word to her, to examine the room, to listen to the news, to give her a piece of advice, to support her, to solve the problem, to admit his fault, to stay here any longer, to discuss it, to calm her, to offer her help, to watch the play to the end, to go there alone.

Exercise 3. Say who was the first (the last) to do it.

Model A: to arrive Tom was the first (the last) to arrive.

Model B: to be invited Ann was the first (the last) to be invited.

To complete his work, to finish the composition, to be operated on, to be examined, to offer his help, to notice them, to hear the noise, to be praised, to be told the news, to understand the problem, to learn the poem by heart, to leave the room, to refuse the invitation, to find the right answer.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive in the function of attribute.

1. They were discussing the meeting to be held the next day. 2. Dick isnt one to ask embarrassing questions. 3. I can find nothing to laugh at. 4. John had enough money to live on. 5. I have two more exams to take. 6. There was no taxi to be found. 7. The only thing to do was to reject the plan. 8. Ann was the first to express her doubts. 9. He was nowhere to be seen. 10. Henry isnt one to waste time. 11. There is nothing left for me to do but accept his invitation. 12. She had nowhere to go in this strange town. 13. He was the quickest to recover after the shock. 14. There is nothing to be done about it.

Exercise 5. Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Infinitive.

1. The plants to be introduced into this region grow well under arid conditions. 2. The first measure to be taken for preventing this destructive disease is to use clean seeds for planting. 3. The excessive heat during the operation of the device was one of the problems to be solved. 4. Dmitri Ivanovsky (1864-1920) was the first to describe the virus responsible for mosaic disease in tobacco. 5. The American biochemist W.M. Stanley was the first to isolate a virus, the tobacco mosaic virus. 6. The females are the first to rise to the surface where they deposit a scintillating spawn that attracts the males. 7. They were the first disease-causing microbes to be identified. 8. This is the problem to be paid attention to first of all. 9. He was the first to have introduced this method. 10. The group of closely related species to be assigned to Paraleuctra includes many others. 11. The tobacco mosaic virus was the first to be discovered; it was the first to be obtained. 12. There are several more questions to be answered in this connection. 13. He is always the first to come to the laboratory. 14. She was always the last to complete the experiment. 15. Everybody is interested in the problem to be discussed at the conference of our Student Scientific Society. 16. The rate of hydrolysis shortly to become slower will not satisfy the requirement needs for photosynthesis. 17. The problems to be discussed at the conference are connected with the future of Nature. 18. The plan to be spoken of is of great-interest. 19. There are undoubtedly many problems to be solved in the nearest future. 20. The questions to be dealt with in this chapter are of primary importance. 21. The plant forms to be found in this region are very variable. 22. Urea was the first organic compound to be synthesized from inorganic materials. 23. The dog Laika was the first living creature to fly aloft in an artificial earth satellite. 24. The substance to be tested must be wet or in a solution. 25. We asked the chief of the chair about the method to be recommended for this work.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the Infinitive.

1. . 2. , . 3. , , - . 4. , . 5. : . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. , , . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. - , ? 14. . 15. , ? 16. . 17. .

 

5. (Adverbial Modifier of):

A) (Purpose)

?, ? in order, so as . , , .

Models:

He came to my office one day in order to ask me for a job. , .
Youd better wait outside so as to be at hand if I want you. , , .

.

( ) , . , .

Models:

To have an idea of this phenomenon it is necessary to read some brief account on DNA structure. (adverbial modifier of purpose). , - .
To have an idea of this phenomenon is necessary for a biologist. (subject)

Exercise 1. Answer the questions. Use the infinitive phrases given in brackets as adverbial modifiers of purpose.

1. Why did you stop at the drug store on your way home from school? (to buy a piece of soap) 2. Why did Sally touch your shoulder? (to get my attention) 3. Why did Mike look in his dictionary? (to find the correct spelling of a word) 4. Why do you listen to the records every day? (to improve my pronunciation) 5. Why did Sally take an aspirin? (to get rid of her headache) 6. Why did you have to run to the bus stop? (to get to class on time) 7. Why did you stay after classes? (to ask the teacher a question) 8. Why did you turn on the radio? (to listen to the news) 9. Why did you call on Betsy? (to invite her to my party) 10. Why were you standing in the doorway of the store? (to get out of the rain while I was waiting for the bus) 11. Why do we wear coats in winter? (to keep warm) 12. Why do you take long walks (to relax).

Exercise 2. Translate from English into Russian.

1. Their mouth-parts have been modified to serve purposes other than taking food. 2. A protoplasmic tube emerges from each pollen grain and grows down the style toenter the ovary. 3. To complete the list of species actually found in this habitat the following must be mentioned. 4. To separate the agar from walls of the tube, it is necessary to place the tube for a second or two into warm water. 5. I remained there to see what would happen. 6. To understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts. 7. He worked hard so as not to lag behind the other students. 8. I went in to see if they were ready. 9. She hired a taxi so as not to miss the train. 10. We had a swim to cool off. 11. I was silent in order to give him time to think.

Exercise 3. Translate into English. Follow the above-mentioned models.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. . 11. , . 12. , . 13. 6 , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , .17. , . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , .

B) (Result)

?, :

so as (to ) ,
so as (to) (, ) ,()
such as (to) , ()
too ( )
enough
sufficiently
sufficient

, , .

 

Models:

The data obtained are too few to be considered as evidence. , .
He was experienced enough to finish the experiment. , .

.

to form, to give, to make, to yield .

Model:

Prior the cell division the centrosome divides to form two daughter centrosomes. , .

Exercise 1. Use the infinitives as adverbial modifiers of result.

to elect to go to believe to lend to know
to tell to admit to read to hold  

1. The Mayer was growing openly disdainful of the people who had been stupid enough... him. 2. That box is too small... all these things. 3. He was too tired... any farther. 4. I was foolish enough... her. 5. He wasnt manly enough... his mistake. 6. This book is easy enough for a six-year-old child 7. Youre old enough... better. 8. Peter was too upset... the policeman about the accident. 9. Would you be kind enough me your copy?

Exercise 2. Ask another student if he did it.

Model: to eat the apple (sweet, sour) - Did you eat the apple? Yes, he apple was sweet enough (for me) to eat. Or: No, the apple was too sour (for me) to eat.

To carry the case (light, heavy), to push the packet under the door (thin, thick), to read the inscription (clear, faint), to see the birds nest quite clearly (low, high), to put your umbrella in your suitcase (short, long), to jump across the stream (narrow, wide), to pick the fruit (ripe, unripe), to use yesterdays milk (fresh, sour), to drink the coffee (cool, hot), to sleep in the cave (dry, wet), to walk on the ice (thick, thin).

Exercise 3. Translate form English into Russian.

1. He was too tired to be asked any questions. 2. Most of the leaves in such trees are too shaded to carry out photosynthesis efficiently. 3. This farm crop is drought resistant enough to grow under arid conditions. 4. This new method is not accurate enough to give any definite results. 5. All parts of a plant must be developed well enough to function properly. 6. It takes an apple tree several years to begin producing fruit. 7. The experiment made by our scientist was so successful as to give us valuable results. 8. These plants are too small to be seen with a naked eye. 9. Solid or fluid particles in suspension may be so numerous as to give the sap a milky appearance. 10. These difficulties are hardly large enough to be considered significant so far as the activity of the parasite is concerned. 11. The fundamental importance of the capacity for growth is too obvious to require emphasis. 12. The data obtained are too few to be considered as evidence. 13. One atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen combine to form one molecule of water. 14. Elements chemically combine to form compounds. 15. If two or more substances react to form a single substance, that substance is a compound. 16. An appreciable quantity of the gas is dissolved by the soil solution to form carbonic acid. 17. The ovule tissue around the young embryo hardens to form a tough seed coat. 18. The artery branches out into a multitude of smaller vessels to make a dense network of capillaries. 19. Food consists of carbon compounds which, when used by the body, are oxidized to give carbon dioxide and water.

Exercise 4. Translate into English. Use the above-mentioned models.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , -. 13. , .





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