.
3
1 .
1.1 . 4
1.2 . 5
2. .
2.1 . 6
2.2 . 7
2.3 . 10
2.4 . 11
2.5 - . 15
2.6 . 16
2.7 . 17
2. .
3.1 . 19
3.2 . 21
3.3 . 22
3.4 . 23
. 25
. 26
. 28
1. .
.
, .
(3 . .), .
, , , :
1) . , , . .
2) , .
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. - .
6. .
7. .
2. .
.
1.
, . 8 , 5. 39. ?
.
- , . 8 , 5 . : 5 + 8 = 39.
, . , , =(39 5)/8 , , , , 39 5 8. , = 3, = 3.
: (3; 3)
.
a b, , . , , , . (a, b).
|
|
, : a>b,
a = bq0 + r1
b = r1q1 + r2
r1 = r2q2 + r3 (1)
............
rn 1 = rnqn
r1,..., rn - , . , a b r1 b r1 a, (a,b) = (b, r1) = (r1, r2) = = (rn -1, rn)= = (rn, 0) = rn.
. , .
(1). , r1 a b, r1 = a bq0. , a b, r1 = a bq0. , r2 = b(1 + q0q1) aq1. , a b, : rn = Aa + Bb. : d a b, A B, d = Aa + Bb. , A B ; (a,b) = 1, Aa + Bb = 1. A B, .
. :
ax + by = c (2)
: c d = (a,b), . d a1x = b1y = c1, a1 = a/d b1 = b/d . : x y ax + by d c, d .
, , (2) a b . 0 0, ax0 + by0 = 1, (0, 0) (2). (2) (, ) ,
= 0 + bt, y = cy0 at. (3)
t . , + by = c . , (3), (2). t , .
2.
, , 2x + 5y = 17. .
2 5 , 2 * 3 5 = 1. , 0 = 3 * 17, 0 = - 1 * 17 2 + 5 = 17. :
x = 51 + 5t, = - 17 2t, t . , t,
ì 51 + 5t ³ 0
í
î - 17 - 2t ³ 0
|
|
51/5 £ t £ - 17/2. - 10, - 9. : (1,3), (6, 1).
3.
100 , , 100 , 5 , 4, 4 ?
.
, , 4z . ì + + 4z = 100
í
î 5x + 4y + z = 100, . 4, (-1) , , -x + 15z = 300 x = -300 + 15t, z = t. , y = 400 - 19t. , x = -300 + 15t,
y = 400 - 19t, z = t. ,
ì -300 + 15t ³ 0
í 400 19t ³ 0
î t ³ 0, 20 £ t £ 21 1/19, . . t = 21 t = 20.
.
100 20 80 , 15 , 1 84 .
4.
. , , , . , , . , , 2, 3, 4, 5 6, , 7, . ?
.
. 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 60. , 60 + 1. 60 + 1 = 7z. 0 = -2, z0 = - 17, = -2 + 7t, z = -17 + 60t, t . t = 1. = 5, z = 43. , 301 .
.
301 .
.
.
. (1) , a/b : a/b = q0 + r1/b. r1/b = 1/b/r1, b/r1 = q1 + r2/r1. , a/b=q0+1/(q1+r2/r1). a/b=q0 + 1/(q1+1/(q2+r3/r2)). . qn
a/b : a / b = q0 + 1 / (q1 + 1 / (+ 1 / qn)). . . . [q0; q1, q2, ,qn].
5.
40/31 .
.
40/31 = 1 + 9/31 = 1 + 1/3 /9 = 1 + 1/(3 + 4 / 9) = 1 + 1 / (3 + 1 / 9 / 4) = =1 + 1 / (3 + 1 / (2 +1 / 4)) = [1; 3, 2, 4]
, . . , .
.
6.
: x² - y² = 91.
.
: ()(+)= =91. 91= 1 * 91 =91 * 1=(-1) * (-91) = (-91) * (-1) = 7 * 13 =
= 13 * 7 = (-7) * (-13) = (-13) * (-7), :
|
|
1) ì x y = 1
í
î x + y = 91
(46; 45)
2) ì x y =- 1
í
î x + y =- 91
(-46; -45)
3) ì x y = -91
í
î x + y = 1
(46; -45)
4) ì x y = -91
í
î x + y = -1
(-46; 45)
5) ì x y = 7
í
î x + y = 13
(10; 3)
6) ì x y = -7
í
î x + y = -13
(-10; -3)
7) ì x y = 13
í
î x + y = 7
(10; -3)
8) ì x y = -13
í
î x + y = -7
(-10; 3)
.
(46; 45),(46; - 45),(-46; -45),(-46; 45),(10; 3),(10; -3),(-10; -3),(-10; 3).
7.
³ + 91 = ³.
.
³ - ³ = 91, ( )(² + + ²) = 91. , ² + + ² = ( + /2)² + ¾² ³ 0 Î R.
,
1) ì = 1
í
î ² + + ² = 91 , (5; 6),(-6; -5);
2) ì = 1
í
î ² + + ² = 1 ;
3) ì = 13
í
î ² + + ² = 7 ;
4) ì = 7
í
î ² + + ² = 13 , (-3; 4),(-4;3).
.
(5; 6), (-6; -5), (5; 6), (-6; -5).
8.
=+
.
+ 1 = 1. , . ( 1) ( 1) = 1; ( 1)( 1) = 1. ,
ì 1 = 1
í
î 1 = 1
(2; 2)
ì 1 = -1
í
î 1 = -1
(0; 0)
.
(2; 2), (0; 0).
9.
2² + 5 12² = 28.
.
, : 2² - 3 + 8 12² = 28.
, (2 3)( + 4) = 28. , , ( + 4)ÎN + 4 ³ 4, :
1) ì 2 3 = 1
í
î + 4 = 28
(8; 5);
2) ì 2 3 = 4
í
î + 4 = 7
;
3) ì 2 3 = 1
í
î + 4 = 28
.
.
(8; 5).
10.
2 = ² + 2.
.
² - 2 + 2 = 0. , , , .
(² - 2 + ²) - ² + 2 1 + 1 = 0, ( )² - ( 1)² =-1.
( + 1)( + 1) = -1, ( 2 + 1)( 1) = -1.
:
ì 2 + 1= -1 ì 1= -1
í í
î 1= 1 î 2 + 1= 1
(2; 2) .
.
(2; 2)
, , : , , .
|
|
.
11.
² - 4 5² = 1996.
.
(²-4+4²)9²=1996, (-4)²9²=1996.
( 5)( + ) = 1996.
1996=1 * 1996=2 * 998=4 * 499= -1 * (-1996)= -2 * (-998) = -4 * (-499).
Î N, yÎN, ( + ) Î N, ( + ) > 1. ( + )ÎN ( + )( 5) = 1996, ( 5) Î N.
1) ì - 5 = 1
í
î + = 1996
2) ì - 5 = 499 ì - 5 = 4
í í
î + = 4 î + = 499
3) ì - 5 = 2 ì - 5 = 988
í í
î + =998 î + =2
(832; 166)
.
= 832, = 166.