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.

 

 

3

1 .

1.1 . 4

1.2 . 5

 

2. .

2.1 . 6

2.2 . 7

2.3 . 10

2.4 . 11

2.5 - . 15

2.6 . 16

2.7 . 17

 

2. .

3.1 . 19

3.2 . 21

3.3 . 22

3.4 . 23

 

. 25

. 26

. 28

1. .

 

.

, .

(3 . .), .

, , , :

1) . , , . .

2) , .

:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. - .

6. .

7. .

 

 

2. .

 

.

1.

, . 8 , 5. 39. ?

.

- , . 8 , 5 . : 5 + 8 = 39.

, . , , =(39 5)/8 , , , , 39 5 8. , = 3, = 3.

: (3; 3)

.

a b, , . , , , . (a, b).

, : a>b,

a = bq0 + r1

b = r1q1 + r2

r1 = r2q2 + r3 (1)

............

rn 1 = rnqn

r1,..., rn - , . , a b r1 b r1 a, (a,b) = (b, r1) = (r1, r2) = = (rn -1, rn)= = (rn, 0) = rn.

. , .

(1). , r1 a b, r1 = a bq0. , a b, r1 = a bq0. , r2 = b(1 + q0q1) aq1. , a b, : rn = Aa + Bb. : d a b, A B, d = Aa + Bb. , A B ; (a,b) = 1, Aa + Bb = 1. A B, .

. :

ax + by = c (2)

: c d = (a,b), . d a1x = b1y = c1, a1 = a/d b1 = b/d . : x y ax + by d c, d .

, , (2) a b . 0 0, ax0 + by0 = 1, (0, 0) (2). (2) (, ) ,

= 0 + bt, y = cy0 at. (3)

t . , + by = c . , (3), (2). t , .

2.

, , 2x + 5y = 17. .

2 5 , 2 * 3 5 = 1. , 0 = 3 * 17, 0 = - 1 * 17 2 + 5 = 17. :

x = 51 + 5t, = - 17 2t, t . , t,

ì 51 + 5t ³ 0

í

î - 17 - 2t ³ 0

51/5 £ t £ - 17/2. - 10, - 9. : (1,3), (6, 1).

3.

100 , , 100 , 5 , 4, 4 ?

.

, , 4z . ì + + 4z = 100

í

î 5x + 4y + z = 100, . 4, (-1) , , -x + 15z = 300 x = -300 + 15t, z = t. , y = 400 - 19t. , x = -300 + 15t,

y = 400 - 19t, z = t. ,

ì -300 + 15t ³ 0

í 400 19t ³ 0

î t ³ 0, 20 £ t £ 21 1/19, . . t = 21 t = 20.

.

100 20 80 , 15 , 1 84 .

4.

. , , , . , , . , , 2, 3, 4, 5 6, , 7, . ?

.

. 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 60. , 60 + 1. 60 + 1 = 7z. 0 = -2, z0 = - 17, = -2 + 7t, z = -17 + 60t, t . t = 1. = 5, z = 43. , 301 .

.

301 .

 

 

.

.

. (1) , a/b : a/b = q0 + r1/b. r1/b = 1/b/r1, b/r1 = q1 + r2/r1. , a/b=q0+1/(q1+r2/r1). a/b=q0 + 1/(q1+1/(q2+r3/r2)). . qn

a/b : a / b = q0 + 1 / (q1 + 1 / (+ 1 / qn)). . . . [q0; q1, q2, ,qn].

5.

40/31 .

.

40/31 = 1 + 9/31 = 1 + 1/3 /9 = 1 + 1/(3 + 4 / 9) = 1 + 1 / (3 + 1 / 9 / 4) = =1 + 1 / (3 + 1 / (2 +1 / 4)) = [1; 3, 2, 4]

, . . , .

.

6.

: x² - y² = 91.

.

: ()(+)= =91. 91= 1 * 91 =91 * 1=(-1) * (-91) = (-91) * (-1) = 7 * 13 =

= 13 * 7 = (-7) * (-13) = (-13) * (-7), :

 

1) ì x y = 1

í

î x + y = 91

(46; 45)

2) ì x y =- 1

í

î x + y =- 91

(-46; -45)

3) ì x y = -91

í

î x + y = 1

(46; -45)

4) ì x y = -91

í

î x + y = -1

(-46; 45)

5) ì x y = 7

í

î x + y = 13

(10; 3)

6) ì x y = -7

í

î x + y = -13

(-10; -3)

7) ì x y = 13

í

î x + y = 7

(10; -3)

8) ì x y = -13

í

î x + y = -7

(-10; 3)

.

(46; 45),(46; - 45),(-46; -45),(-46; 45),(10; 3),(10; -3),(-10; -3),(-10; 3).

7.

³ + 91 = ³.

.

³ - ³ = 91, ( )(² + + ²) = 91. , ² + + ² = ( + /2)² + ¾² ³ 0 Î R.

,

1) ì = 1

í

î ² + + ² = 91 , (5; 6),(-6; -5);

 

 

2) ì = 1

í

î ² + + ² = 1 ;

3) ì = 13

í

î ² + + ² = 7 ;

4) ì = 7

í

î ² + + ² = 13 , (-3; 4),(-4;3).

.

(5; 6), (-6; -5), (5; 6), (-6; -5).

8.

=+

.

+ 1 = 1. , . ( 1) ( 1) = 1; ( 1)( 1) = 1. ,

ì 1 = 1

í

î 1 = 1

(2; 2)

ì 1 = -1

í

î 1 = -1

(0; 0)

.

(2; 2), (0; 0).

9.

2² + 5 12² = 28.

.

, : 2² - 3 + 8 12² = 28.

, (2 3)( + 4) = 28. , , ( + 4)ÎN + 4 ³ 4, :

1) ì 2 3 = 1

í

î + 4 = 28

(8; 5);

2) ì 2 3 = 4

í

î + 4 = 7

;

3) ì 2 3 = 1

í

î + 4 = 28

.

.

(8; 5).

10.

2 = ² + 2.

.

² - 2 + 2 = 0. , , , .

(² - 2 + ²) - ² + 2 1 + 1 = 0, ( )² - ( 1)² =-1.

( + 1)( + 1) = -1, ( 2 + 1)( 1) = -1.

:

ì 2 + 1= -1 ì 1= -1

í í

î 1= 1 î 2 + 1= 1

(2; 2) .

.

(2; 2)

, , : , , .

.

11.

² - 4 5² = 1996.

.

(²-4+4²)9²=1996, (-4)²9²=1996.

( 5)( + ) = 1996.

1996=1 * 1996=2 * 998=4 * 499= -1 * (-1996)= -2 * (-998) = -4 * (-499).

Î N, yÎN, ( + ) Î N, ( + ) > 1. ( + )ÎN ( + )( 5) = 1996, ( 5) Î N.

1) ì - 5 = 1

í

î + = 1996

2) ì - 5 = 499 ì - 5 = 4

í í

î + = 4 î + = 499

3) ì - 5 = 2 ì - 5 = 988

í í

î + =998 î + =2

(832; 166)

.

= 832, = 166.





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