1. I dont know if she saw me but she certainly heard me.
2. Alex typed the letter carefully. Nevertheless he made some mistakes.
3. The restaurant may be rather expensive. I still think we should go there.
4. Whether his wife agrees or not he has decided to sell the house.
5. She doesnt speak English very well but she understands it perfectly.
6. Im very tired, but I want to finish reading this chapter.
7. It doesnt matter how long it takes the work must be done.
8. She may not expect me to meet her at the station but Ill go there anyway.
9. We studied algebra at school but I still dont really understand it
10. It wouldnt matter if the team won all their games. Their fans would still complain.
Exercise 11. Fill in the blanks using the following linking expressions:
despite whereas while even if even though even so
1. Patient care is suffering ________ nursing posts remain vacant across the province, according to local nurses in a new survey published at the weekend by the Royal College of Nursing and Nursing Standard.
2. In Brazil they speak Portuguesein most of South America they speak Spanish.
3. The weather was cold and wet; I felt a sense of joy.
4. The company couldnt sell the productspending a lot on advertising.
5. ________ considerable progress, the overall goal of clean and healthy air continues to elude much of the country.
6. Sometimes I cant understand youI know you very well.
7. He hasnt phoned me but we are going to start work tomorrowhe isnt ready.
Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks using a linking EVER word.
1. hard the team train they will never win the championship.
2. Come and stay with us you feel like it.
3. he says, dont believe a word of it.
4. gets elected, President will face an impossible situation.
5. we go for our holiday it should be a place with plenty of sunshine.
6. They could choose between two routes they decide to take they should be here in an hour.
7. Heres some money buy you like.
8. Were going to come across difficulties we approach the problem.
9. _______ you say, I still like her.
10. _______ long you wear them, therell be no lost creases.
11. _______ advice you give him, he still does exactly what he wants.
12. She looks pretty ________ she wears.
13. _______ I asked, nobody was sure.
Exercise 13. Insert appropriate contrastive and concessive linkers.
1. ________you say, I dont care.
2. _________I advise the children about money, I never actually pay their debts.
3. The classrooms are small, _________not unsuitable.
4. __________the difference in their ages, they were close friends.
5. _________cold it is, she always goes swimming.
6. I think shes Swiss. Im not sure _______.
7. Demand for this car is high, _________its high price.
8. He read the newspaper ___________he waited for the train.
9. Humans are capable of error _________the computer is not.
10. _________its hard work, I enjoy it.
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11. I wont accept this offer, ________favourable the conditions.
12. Yoko, ________shy, managed to speak to everyone in the room.
13. ________ we want a flat, our children would rather live in a house.
14. He can be very rude but ________ I cant help liking him.
15. I realize she can be very annoying but_______ I think you should apologize for losing your temper with her.
16. ________he was late, he stopped to buy a sandwich.
17. Its not very useful.
-Its pretty _____, isnt it?
18. _______his poor health, my father was always cheerful.
19. ________my room is small, its very comfortable.
20. What you said was true but ________unkind.
21. American cars are generally too large for the Japanese market ______ Japanese cars are popular in the US.
22. ________strong the temptation, dont stay in any job too long.
23. It wasnt wonderful, ________ it was well acted.
24. Ill go ______ his objecting to my presence.
25. Hes almost finished _______ Im just starting my course.
26. ________ most of his friends study hard, hes quite lazy.
27. I used to read a lot, _______ I never had much time.
28. _______ you fail, you gain experience.
29. This punishment, ______ perhaps necessary, seems rather severe.
30. ________ much you object, he will carry his point.
31. ________ tired, he was not disheartened.
32. ________ I say to them, I cant keep them quiet.
33. ________ working hard, he failed the final exam.
34. His family, ______ not noble, seems to have been of some importance.
35. I may fail, _______ Ill try.
36. John is very careful _______ Christopher makes a lot of mistakes.
37. We didnt like the hotel at all. _______, we still enjoyed ourselves.
38. She had a bad knee, ________ she won the game.
39. The south is hot and dry_______ the north gets quite a lot of rain.
40. The old system had its flaws, but ________ it seemed fairer than the poll tax.
41. You seem to be fond of her. ________, I cant stand her.
42. He is undoubtedly the best player in the team. ___________, he is very unpopular with the other members.
43. He dresses in shabby clothes and, frankly, looks ______ a tramp. _________, hes one of our most brilliant concert pianists.
44. The first two witnesses could scarcely be heard. ________, the third one spoke out clearly.
Exercise 14. Connect the ideas using appropriate contrast linkers.
1. The UAE (United Arab Emirates) have plenty of oil. Byelorussia has none.
2. They want a house. Wed rather live in a flat.
3. Does it rain a lot in the desert? It hardly ever rains there.
4. I know this job of mine isnt well-paid. I dont have to work long hours.
5. I hear youre enjoying your new job. I find it rather dull.
6. It rarely rains in the desert. It rains a lot in the coastal areas.
7. It is hot in the desert in the day. Its very cold there at night.
8. The coastal areas have mild winters. The central plains become extremely cold.
9. My car is very old. It still runs very well.
10. The offenders were dealt with firmly. They were dealt with fairly.
11. He was hard-working. There was never enough money to pay the bills.
12. Hes a bad manager. Theres no reason to dismiss him.
13. He sounds hoarse. Hes got a sore throat.
14. Both men say they are innocent. One of them must be lying.
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15. War is a terrible thing. I believe we must defend our land.
16. The price increase will obviously be unpopular. It is unlikely to reduce demand.
17. This years fall in profits was not unexpected. Its very disappointing.
18. You can use beer yeast for bread making. You can use bread yeast for brewing beer.
19. The companys profits have fallen slightly. It is not a serious problem.
20. Id hoped there might be a job for me. It wasnt to be.
21. We have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. We mustnt get complacent.
22. I have never been an enemy of monarchy. I consider monarchies essential.
23. The Russian federation has an area of 17 mln. square km. The tiny state of Monaco has an area of only 1,6 km².
24. You may feel that you should have received the award. I feel that the judges made the right decision.
25. This newspaper story could damage their reputation. It will give them a lot of free publicity.
Exercise 15. Cross out the incorrect answers. Both answers may be correct.
1. Although/ In spite of we left late, we still got there in time.
2. It was a fantastic evening although/ in spite of the terrible food.
3. We have decided to go in spite of/ despite the cost of the tickets.
4. They enjoyed the course even though/ whereas it was very difficult.
5. I love the sea while/ whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains.
6. We both told John the car was too expensive. However/ On the otherhand, he still decided to buy it.
7. During the week the town centre is very busy. Whereas/ On the otherhand, at the weekend it is very quiet and almost empty.
8. It is the most significant novel of the twentieth century.
By contrast/ On the contrary, I wouldnt light a fire with it!
9. Tim completed the race in 4 minutes 32.5 seconds, the slowest time for
several years. However/ Nevertheless, it was enough to win him the gold
medal.
10. I always enjoy sailing even though/ even if the sea is rough.
Exercise 16. Complete the sentences in a logical way.
1. I was able to follow what he was saying, even though .
2. I was able to follow what he was saying whereas .
3. We enjoyed the holiday in spite of .
4. The exam is very difficult. However,
5. Although it was a very long film, .
6. John had great difficulties playing cricket. On the other hand, .
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Exercise 17. Proofread the sentences.
1. The film was boring, although we continued to watch it
2. They still got burgled despite of all their elaborate security precautions.
3. It doesnt matter however cold it gets, he never wears a coat.
4. She has a degree from Oxford University, though shes still incredibly lacking in self-confidence.
5. She treats him even though he was her own son.
6. In spite of we take the fast train, we still arrived 20 minutes later.
7. Although Im sure the bill is absolutely correct, but Id still like to check it.
8. I had to accept the fact, though improbable it was.
Exercise 18. Paraphrase the following sentences, using the means of expressing comparison and contrast, so that the meaning remains the same.
1. Those silly horoscopes say that women Pisces are not as sociable as men are.
2. Thinking about it makes me feel more and more confused.
3. I didn't get angry with him. I rather felt sad.
4. When parents get older, they become difficult to deal with.
5. It was cold last week, but now it's warmer.
6. They were so shabby dressed that everyone took them for beggars.
7. His father always gets drunk on Saturdays, and so does Mike.
8. He acts like he's the boss.
9. He spoke as if pretending to be more intelligent than everybody else.
10. A cat is an extremely self-willed animal. A dog is used to obeying his master.
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11. Mary was driving the car. Her husband was asleep in the back.
12. The firm was accommodating the customers. It was making aggressive demands.
13. Fred gambled his money away. Linda spent hers all on dresses & bric-a-brac.
14. It was pronounced badly, but he managed to recognize his name.
15. There was nothing dowdy or ugly about her dress. She had a certain private elegance.
16. You might be late, but it doesn't matter.
17. Whoever you live with, you'll have the same problem.
18. I'll do it, I really will! And I don't care a bit about what he thinks!
19. I'll go there, even if mother says no.
20. - Do you think he will come if it snowing?
- Yes, sure he will. He never breaks promises!
21. A new government took power, but the economic situation continued to deteriorate.
22. He was 20 years older, but they were great friends with Annie
23. You'll get tired of it. No, I'll enjoy it!
Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
1. , .
2. , , , . (stress-prone)
3. , ,, (dare-devil).
4. , , , , .
5. - . , , .
6. , .
7. 18 , .
8. , , .
9. - ?
, .
10. ,
, .
11. , , .
12. , , , , .
13. , .
14. , .
15. .
16. , .
17. , , .
18. , , .
19. , .
20. , , .
21. , , . , .
TIME
Exercise 1. Rewrite the sentences using the correct structures with the following linkers: no sooner... than, hardly... when and hardly... before. Comment upon their meaning. Consult the examples.
Examples: No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.
We had no sooner sat down than we found it was time to go.
Hardly had he uttered the words when he began laughing.
The local police had hardly finished their examination when the
CID arrived.
1. The moment h was inside his cabin, the door opened again.
2. She had taken the knife from its hiding place and suddenly dropped it.
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3. As soon as the ambassador had begun speaking, he was again interrupted by the president.
4. The moment the meeting had begun a shareholder leapt to his feet.
5. I was called out again immediately I closed my eyes.
6. She left the house. Her mobile phone rang.
7. As soon as Rob set out, the storm broke.
8. Jessica opened the door. The bird flew out of the cage.
9. They returned home and immediately realised that their house had been burgled.
10. Helen set the table. The guests arrived.
Exercise 2.
a) Identify the status of before, until, till, earlier, previously and hitherto. Think of the difference in their meanings.
1. Mr. Major spoke to Mr. Kohl shortly before the Chancellor flew to India.
2. Now he's more focused on his work. Before, he was distracted, always making plans to go out.
3. Several government officials were injured. Earlier, two bridges and several buildings were damaged by fires.
4. You will sleep and stay asleep until you are told to awake.
5. What about the dead man on the runway? You previously said that if any of the hostages were harmed you would move in immediately.
6. These expeditions marked a significant change in British policy. Hitherto they had been fighting a defensive war in Europe and America.
