-, , .
.
. , ˳ 1, 2. 3, 4, 7, 8, 11- 16. 5, 6. - 9 10. 36 .
2-3 5.05010301 , .
. - , , .
ѻ :
1. .
2. , , .
3. .
4. , , .
5. ϳ .
6. .
, , , .
, .
, - .
Ҳ 1
: : ղ
English in the 21st century
:
I. :
transition [trasn'zi∫n] ;
competitive [kam 'petativ] ,
availability [ə.veilə'bilti]
threat [θret]
penetration [.pene'trei∫n]
|
|
|
billion [ 'biljan] ;
competence ['kompitens] ;
mail [meil]
retrieval [ri'tri:vl]
store [sto:]
exceed [ik'si:d]
genre ['onrə]
obscure [əb'skjuə]
encompass [in'kΛmpəs]
alert [ə'l3:t]
findings [faindiŋz]
executives [ig'zekjutivz]
entrepreneur [.ntəprə`n:]
negotiate [ni.gəu∫ieit]
acceptability [ək,septə 'biləti]
overall [.əuvə`ro:l] ;
border [bo:də]
redefine [,ri:di'fain]
mediated [`mi:dieitid]
gap [gǽp]
fairly ['feəli] ,
cognates ['kogneits]
borrow ['borəu]
Hebrew ['hi:bru:]
guard [ga:d]
purity ['pjuərəti]
diversity [dai 'v3:səti]
unity [ju:nəti]
core [ko:]
inject [in'dekt]
unpredictable [.Λnpri'diktəbl]
precedent ['presidənt]
genuine ['denjuin] ,
pattern [pǽtn]
supra- ['su:prə] -, -
exert pressure [ig`z:t]
decline [di'klain]
vehicle [vi:ikl]
lingua franca [.liŋgwə'frǽŋkə] -
oligopoly [o'ligəupəuli]
shift [∫ift]
allegiance [ə'lidəns]
substantial [səb'stǽn∫l]
occur [ə'k:]
community [kə'mju:nəti] ,
supplement ['sΛplimənt]
boundary ['baundəri] /
tool [tu:l]
expand [iks'pǽnd]
II. 3(Worldwide), 5(When Mexican), 9(English, like many languages) .
English in the 21st century
1. The world is in various stages of social, economic, and demographic transition. Economically and politically, the world has changed more rapidly in the past few years than at any time since 1945. The emerging global economy is both competitive and interdependent. It reflects the availability of modern communications and production technologies in most parts of the world. So, do we need to be concerned about the future of the English language in the 21st century? English continues to be the world standard language, and there is no major threat to the language or to its global popularity. But, changes are coming.
Spread of English
2. The global spread of English over the last 40 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.
3. Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the worlds population speaks English with some degree of competence. And one in five over one billion people is learning English. Over 70% of the world's scientists read English. About 85% of the world's mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the worlds electronic retrieval systems is stored in English.
|
|
|
4. English is used for more purposes than ever before. Vocabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and scientific developments, economics and management, literature and so on. What began some 1.500 years ago as a rude language, originally spoken by obscure Germanic tribes who invaded England, now encompasses the globe.
5. When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When German physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their findings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs, they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use lyrics or phrases in English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English.
6. Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to incorporate vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects.
7. In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall linguistic dominance, first in Europe and then globally.
8. Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economics from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed word, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-mediated communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It encourages more informal conversational language, and has resulted in Internet English replacing the authority of language institutes and practices.
9. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic syntax. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is foreign. Therefore, it has cognates from virtually every language in Europe and has borrowed words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteristic makes it unique in history.
10. Finally, no English language central authority guards the purity of the language, therefore, many dialects have developed: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Australian, to name a few. There is no standard pronunciation. But within this diversity is a unity of grammar and one set of core vocabulary. Thus, each country that speaks the language can inject aspects of its own culture into the usage and vocabulary.
11. However, the future is unpredictable, as there are no precedents to help us predict what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status.
Conclusion
12. English has been an international language for only 60 years. If the pattern follows the previous language trends, we still have about 100 years before a hew language dominates the world. However, this does not mean that English is replacing or will replace other languages as many fear. Instead, it may supplement or co-exist with languages by allowing strangers to communicate across linguistic boundaries. It may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.
III. , , +, , 0
1. English is used in medicine.
2. Over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English is official language.
3. It is normal that English is studied in schools and universities.
|
|
|
4. French replaced German after World War II in science.
5. When Japanese executive conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs. They negotiate in English.
6. English has large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is native.
7. There is no standard pronunciation in English.
8. The world is only in one stage of economic transition.
9. English continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali.
10. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and basic syntax.
IV. .
:
The title () of the article is
- This article deals with the most important questions, such as
- For example, about government, laws of society, the education, health, sport, and so on.
- The author () of this article is
- The main idea of this article is
- To show () events
- To describe ()
- To underline ()
- The main theme of this article is...
- To reflect ()
- This article is taken from... ()
- In conclusion () I want to say that this article is very interesting, because it helps me to know more about
- I dont like this article, because it is hard to understand and I am not interested in topic of
:
1. What is the global spread of English determined by?
2. What is the number of people who live in countries, where English has official status?
3. When did the development of English start?
4. Why is English so popular in the world?
5. What are three factors of English language spread?
6. From what language does English continue to borrow the words?
7. What are dialects of English?
Pe :
B. . - ..: -.-2004-768 .
.., . . .- : , 1981.-328.
: , .
Ҳ 2
:
.
I. . , . .
:
(Bill Gates), (Paul Allen), (Lowrance Ellison), ͳ ³ (Nicolaus Wirth), (Charles Babbage), (Sergiy Brin), (Ada Lavelace), (Howard Aiken), (Marc Andreessen), ³ (John Vincent Atanasoff), (Gordon Bell), ҳ -˳ (Tim Berners-Lee), (Rodney Brooks), ³ (Vinton Serf), (Seymour Cray), (Howard Cunningham), (Michael Dertouzos), (Presper Eckert), (Douglas Engelbart), (Edward Feigenbaum).
| MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, THE YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE ODESSA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERCITY KHERSON POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE NAME AND SURNAME OF THE FAMOUS PERSON Report Students name and surname Group Kherson 20__ |
II. . , , , , .
III. . . , :
|
|
|
Plan
1. Biography
2. Works
3. Sources
, . . 2 .
IV. . 3-5 . Microsoft Word 7.0 Times New Roman 1, 14 RTF. : -25, - 15 , - 20 . .
V. , .
VI. . . 10-12 .
VII. , .
:
1. Who is the outstanding person, you wrote about?
2. In what sphere of knowledge did he/she work?
3. What is his/her contribution to the world science?
:
1. www.multitran.ru
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Eric H. Glendenning, Normal Glendenning, Oxford University Press, 2006, - 189p.
4. Careers in Focus. Mechanics. Third Edition. Info based Publishing, 2008 209p.
5. Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw - Hill, 2008-656p.
Ҳ 3
: . - .
:
, , . 50 , .
:
| 1. | computer | [kəmp`jutə] |
', .
.
:
1. .., .. - . : , 1987-347.
2. .., .., ..
. - , : , 2002 52.
3. .. . : , 1987-260.
4. Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw - Hill, 2008-656p.
: , .
Ҳ 4
: : ⳻
:
. . 1, 5 8- .
Computers in Modern Society
1. The word "computer" comes from a Latin word which means "to count". A computer is really a very special kind of counting machine. Initially, the computer was designed as a tool to manipulate numbers and thus solve arithmetic problems. Although designed originally for arithmetic purposes at present it is applicable for a great variety of tasks.
2. Nowadays computers may be stated to have become an important and powerful tool for collecting, recording, analysing, and distributing tremendous masses of information.
3. Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers. They multiply the capacity of the mind to deal with information in endless variations and almost limitless quantity.
4. Viewed in the contemporary scene and historical perspective the computer simulates man. Indeed, two important and highly visible characteristics of man are his intelligence and his ability to perform in and control his environment. That is why it is quite clear that man's attempts to understand the phenomena of intelligence control and power have lead to simulations of his brain, of himself and of organizational and group structures in which he most often finds himself.
5. Surely, there are similarities with human brain, but there exists one very important difference. Despite all newest achievements and innovations, the so-called electronic brain must be programmed by a man.
6. A computer is nothing more than a collection of circuits that do a few simple tasks, at one time. The key is the speed at which these circuits operate and signals that control the flow of electricity through the circuits.
|
|
|
7. Today it would be difficult to find any sphere of human activity, which could do without computers. In science computers make calculations and analyses masses of measurements, such as sequential positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of spacecrafts In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases (, ), bills, payrolls (, ), bank deposits and the like. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyze economic information.
8. Although intended for different purposes computers virtually do not differ in structure. Regardless of their size and purpose most computer systems consist of three basic elements: the input-output unit, the memory hierarchy and the central processing unit: The input-output section is the path whereby information is fed into the computer or taken out of it. The memory hierarchy stores the instructions and the data so that they can be retrieved quickly on demand by the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands ( ) to the other parts of the system and by acting on the responses.
II. .
What word does the term "computer" come from?
What purposes were first computers designed for?
Why do we say that computers multiply the capacity and power of the human mind?
What operations can computers do when processing information?
III. , .
: new () -> old ()
Unreal, finally, powerless, to divide, ancient, easy
䳺. .
: t solve - ; solution
to mean, to manipulate, to inform, to collect, to exist, to organize, to operate, to differ
:
1. .., .. - . : , 1987-347
2. .., .., .. . - , , 2002 52.
3. .. . : , 1987-260
4. .. -. -: . 2004
5. IBM PC . . .: . 1999
: , .
Ҳ 5
: , , . .
, .
.
(tasks)1-3.
Task 1: Learn new words and word combinations:
Signs
Air-port
Information/Inquiry-
Passport control-
Flight departure-
Customs-
Arrival-
Destination-
Fasten safety belts-
Flight-
The railway station
Tickets-
Left luggage-
Station manager-
Stuff only-
Underground (subway) ()
Way out-
Emergency exit-
No exit-
No entry-
Service entrance-
Pull-
Push-
Watch. Mind your head- . .
Watch. Mind the step- . .
In a train
Exit to next car -
Emergency use only -
Danger -
Luggage/baggage -
Vacant -
Engaged-
No smoking. Penalty $ 50 - . 50$
In the hotel
Receptionist-
Conference room-
W.C.-
Underground car pack-
Swimming pool-
Travel agency-
Restaurant-
Please, do not disturb.-
Taken/reserved- ,
Admission free-
In the street
Mailbox/postbox-
Stop. Dont walk- .
Walk-
No swimming
No photographing-
Private property-
No parking-
Task 2. Combine the words from the column A with the words from the column B:
| A 1) Conference 2) Left 3) Fasten safety 4) Passport 5) Admission 6) Flight 7) Private 8) Emergency 9) Travel 10)Station | B a) agency b) property c) manager d) departures e) exit f) belts g) room h) free i) luggage j) control |
Task 3. Translate the signs and learn them
EXIT
ENTRANCE
ELEVATOR
POST OFFICE
INFORMATION
NO SMOKING
EXCHANGE
TAXI
BAGGAGE CLAIM
CAFE
BUS
TELEPHONE
SOUVENIRS
RESTAURANT
HAIRDRESSER
DEPARTURES
LUGGAGE LOCKERS
FIRST AID
MEETING POINT
ARRIVAL
RESTROOM
PORTERS
CHECK ROOM
FACILITY FOR THE DISABLED
:
1.Please show tickets.
2.Do not lean out of the window when the train is moving.
3.Adjust temperature before showering.
4.Service entrance is only for stuff usage.
5.You can leave the key and order at the receptionist.
6.To be used only in event of fire.
7.Please, close the door on leaving
:
1. ' . . English study. ϳ IX , , , . 2 ., . . : ', 2005
: , .
Ҳ 6
:
:
I. . . `.
II. .
III. . `.
IV. , .
V. . .
| Electric safety | ||
| device | ||
| circumstances | ||
| to fill in | ||
| to switch on /off | / | |
| to turn on /off | / | |
| level | ||
| to disconnect | ` | |
| to cover | ||
| plug | ||
| to dislodge | ||
| power | ||
| guidance | ||
| electrical hazard | ||
| o supply | ||
| to recharge | ||
| to adjust | ||
| capacity | ||
| to replace the bulb | ||
| tube | ||
| automatically | ||
| knob(button) | ||
| accessory | ||
| weight | ||
| to mix | ||
| description | ||
| speed | ||
| caution | ||
| to boil | ` |
2. :
. TOASTER
Important Safeguards
1. Bread may burn, Therefore toasters must not be used near or below curtains and other combustible materials. They must be watched.
2. If the power cord or plug is damaged, be sure to stop using it at once, send it to nearby appointed repair center that authorized by manufacturer.
3. Householder use only. Do not use outdoors.
4. Do not touch hot surfaces if the toaster operating.
5. Do not immerse power cord, plug or appliance in water or other liquid
6. Do not place on or near a hot gas or electric burner or in a heated oven.
7. Trusting lever must be in the "UP" position before attaching or disconnecting the plug from wall outlet.
8. Oversize foods, metal full packages, or Utensils must not be inserted in a toaster as they may involve a risk of fire or electric shock.
9. A fire may occur if toaster is covered or touching flammable material, including curtains, draperies, walls, when it in operation.
10. Do not attempt to dislodge food when toaster is operating.
Introduction
Make sure the main power is suited to use by the toaster.
Select the setting of your choice from the possible browning levels. The degree of browning increases in relation to the numbers on the select dial. For your guidance. The relationship between the levels and the type of bread is as follow. (LEVEL Type of bread "-"-1-2 Thin bread 3-4-5 Ordinary bread 6-7-"+" Frozen bread
3. Place the bread in the toaster and push the lever down until it automatically locks into place, the indicator will light
4. The toast is automatically released when the previously selected browning levels reached if you want to interrupt the lasting process at any time, just push the "STOP" button and the lever button will be back its original position.
LODGE HANDLE
STOP BUTTON
8ROWNING CONTROL
Cleaning Your Toaster
1. Before clean toaster, Please unplug the power cord from main outlet
2. Clean the surface of the toaster with a dry sponge or a dry soft rag,
Clean the bread crumb, please open crumb tray in bottom of toaster.
. MIXER
Schematic:
A Mode control switch
Attachment fixation button
C Turbo mode button
D Housing
E Whisks
F Blending attachments
G Blender attachment
When using electrical devices, observe the following safety rules:
1. Read the instructions.
2.Before turning on the mixer, make sure that the voltage and frequency of your power grid matches that of the unit.
3.To avoid electric shock, never dip the housing in water. If it accidentally falls into water, unplug it, wipe it dry and take it to a professional repairer of home appliances.
4.Do not leave a working mixer unattended near children.
5.Unplug the unit from the power outlet when you are not using it and before cleaning it.
6.Do not touch the attachments with your hands while the mixer is being used.
7.Before using the unit, make sure that the attachments are firmly fastened.
8.After you are finished, make sure that the mixer is switched off and unplug it.
9.Do not use a mixer with a damaged cord. Take a damaged mixer to a qualified specialist to examine and repair.
10.Use only the items that are included in the set.
11.Do not use the mixer out-of-doors.
12.Make sure that the cord does not catch on the corner of the table or touch any hot surface.
13.Before using, make sure that the mixer is completely assembled.
14.After using the mixer, unplug the attachments.
Before using the unit for the first time, wash all of the accessories thoroughly under running water!
Usage instructions
