Example: to learn the poem — I went to bed after I had learnt the poem.
(to have dinner, to do homework, to come, to read the book, to clean the room, to go shopping, to return from Australia, to finish work)
I went to see my friend after...
I watched TV after...
They went home after...
He phoned me after...
She went to dance after...
We wrote a composition after...
They rebuilt the house after...
We went for a walk after...
Unit 9
Topic: Elements and compounds
Grammar: Modal Verbs
Elements and Compounds
More than 100 chemical elements—substances that cannot be decomposed or broken into more elementary substances by ordinary chemical means—are known to exist in the universe. Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev and German physicist Julius Lothar Meyer independently developed the periodic law of the chemical elements at about the same time in the late 19th century. Both discovered that arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic mass produced a table of chemical properties and reactivity patterns that were regularly repeated. This phenomenon—known as the periodic law—is most often represented in the periodic table of the elements.
| Elements |
Hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, sodium, and iron are examples of elements. Elements cannot be resolved into simpler substances by ordinary heat, light, electricity, or attack by other substances. It requires either special equipment, such as a particle accelerator, or temperatures like those in the interior of the sun. Ninety elements are known to occur in nature, and 22 more have been made artificially. Out of this limited number of elements, all the millions of known substances are made. Abbreviating the names of the elements is often convenient. For each element, a symbol has been chosen that consists of one or two letters. The symbols are derived from the names of the elements; for example, H stands for hydrogen. The abbreviations are not always derived from the English names, however. The symbol Fe for iron comes from the Latin ferrum, and W for tungsten comes from the German wolfram.
| Compounds |
Salt, water, iron rust, and rubber are examples of compounds. A compound is made up of elements, but it looks and behaves quite differently, as a rule, from any of its component elements. Iron rust, for example, does not look and feel like its components: oxygen gas and iron metal. This individuality of properties, as well as other qualities, distinguishes a compound from a simple mixture of the elements it contains. Another important characteristic of a compound is that a compound has a definite, invariable composition, always containing the same elements in the same proportions by weight; this is the law of definite proportions.
Vocabulary
Substance
universe
physicist
atomic mass
heat
Equipment
occur
iron rust
rubber
contain
composition
weight
Ask three questions to each of the passages. Let your group mates answer them.
Retell the text.
3. Give brief characteristics of the elements that you have met in the text.
Your description should include: atomic number, atomic mass, group, period, row, chemical and physical properties.
Modal Verbs
Основные значения модальных глаголов - необходимость (долженствование), возможность и предположение. Некоторые глаголы имеют формы прошедшего времени: can - could, may - might (иногда называют и will - would, shall - should), тем не менее, все эти формы могут иметь самостоятельные, присущие только им оттенки значения.
Вместо недостающих неличных и аналитических форм модальных глаголов используют их эквиваленты: to have, to be (=must), to be able (=can), to be allowed, to be permitted (=may).
Модальный глагол Can (эквивалент to be able to)
| Форма настоящего времени | Can |
| Форма прошедшего времени | Could |
| Значение | Возможность или способностьсделать что-либо. На русский язык, как правило, переводится как могу, умею |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Can указывает на возможность или способностьсделать что–либо.
|
| Альтернатива | Вместо can/could уместно употребление сочетания to be able to.
Оно употребляется как вместо can/could (I am able, she was able и т.д.), так и с другими формами, в которых невозможно употребление can/could (She has been able, Peter will be able и т.д.)
|
| Особенности глагола | Особенность модального глагола can заключается в том, что в отрицательной форме can пишется слитно с частицей not –cannot. |
Модальный глагол Should
| Значение | Указывает на моральную обязанность или совет. |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Совет.
|
| Альтернатива | В английском языке нет альтернативы, которая во всех случаях могла бы заменить модальный глагол should. |
Модальный глагол May/Might (эквивалент to be allowed to)
| Значение | Указывает на разрешение. На русский язык переводится как могу, можешь, может и т.д. |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Выражение разрешения.
|
| Альтернатива | Поскольку may для указания разрешения употребляется лишь в настоящем времени, в прошедшем времени в этом смысле употребляется не might, а сочетание to be allowed. Оно употребляется и с другими временами.
|
Модальный глагол Must (эквивалент to have to)
| Значение | Указывает на необходимость сделать что–либо ввиду определенных обстоятельств. Кроме того, must употребляется для предложений, в которых необходимо выразить приказ или совет. При переводе глаголу mustсоответствуют слова нужно, надо, должен. |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Обязанность, необходимость, запрещение (в отрицательных предложений).
|
| Альтернатива | Чтобы заменить модальный глагол mustв других временах, употребляется сочетание have to.
|
Модальный глагол Ought
| Значение | Указывает на моральный долг или совет. На русский язык ought переводится словами следовало бы, должен, следует. |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Выражение морального долга или совета.
|
| Альтернатива | Oughtпо своему значению часто совпадает с глаголом should. |
| Особенность глагола | С модальным глаголом ought инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей to. |
Модальный глагол Need
| Значение | Указывает на необходимость сделать что-либо. На русский язык переводится словами нужно, надо. Как смысловой глагол переводится как нуждаться. |
| Случаи употребления | 1. Необходимость сделать что-либо (need – модальный глагол).
Need John invite her? – Нужно ли Джону приглашать ее?
2. Значение нуждаться (need – смысловой глагол).
|
| Особенность глагола | В качестве модального глагола употребляется только в вопросах и отрицательных предложениях. |
Exercises
| Ex. 1 Choose “must”, “ought to”, “should”, “have to”. Write the negative particle “not” where is necessary. |
| 1. If you want to be fit, you.. eat cake. 1. should 3. ought 5. have 7. will 2. shouldn't 4. to 6. must 8. don't 2. The bus we took didn't go up the hill and we.. walk. 1. must 3. to 5. didn't 7. had 2. shouldn't 4. don't 6. oughtn't 8. have 3. Every child.. know traffic rules. 1. mustn't 3. ought 5. have 7. has 2. shouldn't 4. to 6. oughtn't 8. doesn't 4. My parents are going out to a party tomorrow and I.. stay with my younger brother. 1. 'll 3. have 5. shouldn't 2. must 4. oughtn't 6. to 5. It's dark outside, it.. be about 7 now. 1. has 3. to 5. ought 2. should 4. not 6. must 6. You.. eat so many sweets because they contain a lot of calories. 1. must 3. ought 5. won't 7. to 2. should 4. don't 6. shouldn't 8. have 7. If you want to be fit, you.. walk a lot. 1. shouldn't 3. ought 5. has 7. mustn't 2. oughtn't 4. to 6. don't have 8. When he was at the university he.. work to pay for his education. 1. had 3. ought 5. has 2. should 4. must 6. to 9. You are impolite. You.. speak to your mother like this. 1. to 3. have 5. must 2. should 4. ought not 6. ought 10. Mother... leave early on Mondays so he... make his breakfast himself. 1. shouldn't 3. has to 5. doesn't 2. oughtn't to 4. have to 6. must |
| Ex. 2 |
| Choose “can” “must”, “ought to”, “should” and their equivalents. Write the negative particle “not” where is necessary. |
| 1. Sally's husband... play football, tennis and other games but he... cook or iron. 1. can 3. may 5. must 2. can't 4. not 6. should 2. Ann,... I ask you a question? - You certainly.... 1. can 3. may 5. must 2. can't 4. not 6. should 3. I wonder if we... take off our shoes here. 1. can 2. can't 3. may 4. not 5. must 4. You... always observe traffic rules on the road. 1. can 3. may 5. must 2. can't 4. not 6. should 5. You... stay in town the whole summer or you... go to the seaside if you want. 1. can 3. may 5. must 2. can't 4. not 6. should 6. You...... take so much sugar in your tea. 1. can 3. must 5. have 7. are 9. able 2. may 4. ought 6. should 8. not 10. to 7. Dan,... I do anything for you? 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. have 9. to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. am 10. allowed 8. Mrs. Brown,... I go out for a moment? - No, you....... 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 9. do 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. have to 9. He... return later. If he comes late, you... wait. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. 'll have to 9. are allowed to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. are to 10. ought to 10. Mom,... we meet them at the airport? - No, you.... 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. do 9. have to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. needn't 10. might 11. I have a terrible headache. - I think you... see a doctor. 1. can 3. may 5. are allowed to 7. are able to 9. had to 2. can't 4. needn't 6. should 8. must 10. are to 12. The people are carrying umbrellas. It... be raining. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. has to 13. I know I... help my sister about the house. 1. can 3. may 5. am allowed to 2. can't 4. ought to 6. could 14. You... take all this tablets if you want to get well. 1. can 3. may 5. are able to 7. are to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. are allowed to 15. Schoolchildren... not wear a uniform now. 1. can 3. may 5. should 2. can't 4. must 6. ought to 16. Sally... be Mary's daughter. Mary is too young to be her mother. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 9. has to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. needn't 10. is able to 17. Oh,... she be angry with me? I didn't say anything offensive. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 9. is able 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. has to 10. is allowed to 18. I'm afraid something is wrong. They... be back an hour ago. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. are allowed to 9. were to 2. can't 4. not 6. were able to 8. are to 10. had to 19. In my childhood I... learn three foreign languages. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 9. have to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. was to 10. was able to 20. - Max,... you help me with Math? - No, I.... I... read a whole chapter in Geography. 1. can 3. may 5. must 7. ought to 9. was to 2. can't 4. not 6. should 8. had to 10. am able to |
Ex. 3
Translate into English.
1. Я не могу закончить работу сегодня. 2. Можете ли вы перевести этот договор на французский язык. 3. Я думаю, что я смогу помочь вам. 4. Он смог починить свой радиоприемник сам. 5. Когда он приехал в Лондон, он мог вести переговоры с фирмами без переводчика. 6. Мы могли бы отправить эти машины в конце месяца, если бы получили от вас все документы не позже будущей недели. 7. Он телеграфировал, что машины могут быть отправлены переходом “ Минск”. 8. Он не мог бегло говорить по–английский в прошлом году. 9. Вы могли бы достать эту книгу в нашей библиотеке, если бы пошли туда вчера. 10. Почему вы не пришли вчера в контору? Вы могли бы поговорить с директором по этому вопросу.
Ex. 4
