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Ex. 3
Translate the sentences from Russian into English using Present Simple, Present Continuous, Future Continuous or Future Simple.
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Unit 7
Topic: Cancer
Grammar: Present Perfect Tense
Cancer
Do you know what cancer is?
Is it up-to-date or out-of-date disease?
Do you know the statistics about cancer?
How can biotechnologists help to cure this disease?
When do you think the vaccine against this disease will be invented?
Read the text and translate it.
A devastating disease
Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood).
These three properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are selflimited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology.
Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk increases with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. Cancers can affect all animals. Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers is usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host's genome.
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Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive
growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to enter in adjust tissue. Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.
Diagnosis usually requires the histological examination of a tissue biopsy made by a pathologist. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
In conclusion it should be said that cancer is one of the most complex and devastating diseases that claim the life of many humans. Today there are one in three people worldwide who are affected by cancer, and almost 60% of these people will almost certainly die.
Vocabulary
abnormality form (v)
acquire (v) genome
activate (v) heritability
adhesion host
adjacent tissues inherit
affect (v) interaction
be caused (v) intrusion
carcinogen invade
invasion cell cycle
chemicals lymph
complex malignant neoplasm
concern (v) metastasis
destruction metastasize (v)
differentiate (v) prevention
display (v) property
division spread
DNA replication uncontrolled growth
