A B , . ? . . . XVII . . .
, XVII , , XIX? , , .
. . , , .
, :
1) = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 5};
2) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = [3, 5];
3) A = [1, 3], B = [3, 5];
4) A = R, B = [3, 5];
5) A = R, B = R.
1 , : × = {(1; 3), (1; 5), (2; 3), (2; 5), (3; 3), (3; 5)}.
Ox , - . × . (. 1).
2 , . : 1, 2, 3, [3; 5]. , 1, 3 5 , . (. 2).
3 2 , , . , , × , [1; 3], . , , (. 3). , , .
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4 , , .. , × , , [3; 5]. (. 4).
R×R ( 5) . , , . , R×R , .
, : .
(, , ), , . , . , , :
5 2;
10 8 2;
7 6, .. : , , .
, , .. .
, , , , , .. .
. .
: , , , , , . , , , , .
X = {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}. : 4>3, 5>3, 6>3, 8>3, 5>4, 6>4, 6>5, 8>5, 8>6.
1: 4 3 1, 5 4 1, 6 5 1.
2 : 3 6 , 4 8 .
3, 4, 5, 6, 8.
: , , . {(4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3), (8, 3), (5, 4), (6, 4), (8, 4), (6, 5), (8, 5), (8, 6)}; 1 - {(4, 3), (5, 4), (6, 5)}, - , : {(3, 6), (4, 8)}. , , , X = {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}.
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, - . , , 1 , X × X = {(3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 8), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 8), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (5, 8), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6), (6, 8), (8, 3), (8, 4), (8, 5), (8, 6), (8, 8)}.
, , X × X. .
. X × X.
: P, Q, R, S . , R - , R X × X.
, , . .
X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12} , , . 4>2, 4 2; 6>4, 6 4 .., , .
X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12}.
X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12} .
, , : 12 2, 12 4, 12 6 .. , , . .
R X × X, .. , . , .
1. R , , .
.
, R X = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9} , : {(5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 5), (7, 4), (7, 5), (7, 6), (9, 4), (9, 5), (9, 6), (9, 7)}. .
2. R , , R. , .
, N : ; , 3 .
, . , x > y, y 3 - y = 3x.
, , :,, ~
xRy, , x R y.
{a, b, c, d, e} ( , , ), , . .
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I. , , , , , .
, , , .
. R , , R .
:
R ↔ xRx
R , . : , , .
, . , , : , , .
II. , , , , , , . , : 1) , ; 2) , ; 3) , .
, , , , .
. R , , R , , R .
: R X ↔ xRy → yRx
: , , , . : , , , , , .
III. , . , , .
. , , . , , , .
. R , , R , , R . ____
: R X ↔ xRy x ≠ y → yRx
: , . : , , .
, . , , .
IV. , : , , . , .
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. R , , R R z, , R z.
: R X ↔ xRy yRz → xRz
, z, , z. .
, ., , .
V. .
{ ½; 1/3; ¼; 2/4; 2/6; 3/6} .
?
1) , .
2) , , , .
3) , , z, , z.
, , . , .
. R , , .
, , , .
, , , , , , , . , : {1/2, 2/4, 3/6}, {1/3, 2/6}, {1/4}. , , .. . .
, , .
: - , , , .
, . , , . .
, , = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} 3. : , 3 0 ( 3, 6, 9), , 3 1 ( 1, 4, 7, 10), , 3 2 ( 2, 5, 8). , . , 3, , .
, , . : , , , , .
? , .. , . , () () , .. . , , , .
.
VI. .
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, . , ; , ..
? .
1) , . , .. . .
2) , .. . .
3) , .
, , .
. R , . .
, . .
Y, , X Y.
. X = {3, 5, 7, 9} Y = {4, 6}. , , , Y, . , 5 4, 5 4; , 7 4 6, .. Y.
Y . , R, . R. : .
= {3, 5, 7, 9} Y = {4, 6}. , : (5, 4), (7, 4), (7, 6), (9, 4), (9, 6). , Y O y, , Y.
, .
, , X = R Y = {4, 6} .
, Y : 4 6. Y , , 4.
, 4, , 4. , , (4,), 4, . , (4, 4) . , (6,), 6, .