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充..2

1.

1.1. ..3

1.2. ⅅ.............4

1.3. 5

1.4. 腅6

1.5. ..............7

1.6. ..9

1.7. ⅅ..11

1.8.

腅..13

1.9. ...........15

1.10. 酅..........17

1.11. 酅18

1.12. ..........22

1.13. , 󅅅24

1.14. ..26

2.

2.1. .

軅.27

2.2.

. ...29

2.3.

. 黅...31

2.4. 黅...32

2.5. .

.......33

..35


 

. .

, , , .

. . .

. ; , . - , .

, , .

, .

 

. , : , , , , , .. , , , . , ( ), . , , . , .

. . , , , , ..

. . , , , , , - ( ∅).

, , .

: A, B, C, D, , Z, A1, A2, , An. : a, b, c, d,, z, a1, a2,, an.

: . a A . a A, .

, , . :

N - ;

Z - ;

Q - ;

R - .

 

, , .

. , . . .

, , , :

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0};

P , , :

P = {, , , , , }.

{1, 3, 7} {3, 7, 1} - .

. ( ), .

, , , , , , .

, B = {x | x Z, -2< x < 3} , , -2 3.

: , .

, . .

, D , 7, , : D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, .. .

, , , . , , 65 75 . 65 75, : 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74. . , : , , ..

, . , K = {1, 2, 3, 4} L = {x | x N, x<5} .

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. A , . B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, A. , B .

. , . .

, .

. . .

. .

. K = {2, 3, 5}.

: A = {5, 3, 2}, B = .

: C = {5; 2}, D = {5; 3}, E = {2, 3}, F = {5}, M = {3}, P = {2}.

(1834 1923) (, .). (1707 1783) . . . .

 

 





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