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. , 2013
充..2
1.
1.1. ..3
1.2. ⅅ.............4
1.3. 5
1.4. 腅6
1.5. ..............7
1.6. ..9
1.7. ⅅ..11
1.8.
腅..13
1.9. ...........15
1.10. 酅..........17
1.11. 酅18
1.12. ..........22
1.13. , 24
1.14. ..26
2.
2.1. .
軅.27
2.2.
. ...29
2.3.
. 黅...31
2.4. 黅...32
2.5. .
.......33
..35
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: A, B, C, D, , Z, A1, A2, , An. : a, b, c, d,, z, a1, a2,, an.
: . a A . a A, .
, , . :
N - ;
Z - ;
Q - ;
R - .
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. , . . .
, , , :
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0};
P , , :
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P = {, , , , , }.
{1, 3, 7} {3, 7, 1} - .
. ( ), .
, , , , , , .
, B = {x | x Z, -2< x < 3} , , -2 3.
: , .
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, D , 7, , : D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, .. .
, , , . , , 65 75 . 65 75, : 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74. . , : , , ..
, . , K = {1, 2, 3, 4} L = {x | x N, x<5} .
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. A , . B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, A. , B .
. , . .
, .
. . .
. .
. K = {2, 3, 5}.
: A = {5, 3, 2}, B = ∅.
: C = {5; 2}, D = {5; 3}, E = {2, 3}, F = {5}, M = {3}, P = {2}.
(1834 1923) (, .). (1707 1783) . . . .