.
1. , . , . She has read this book. . ( .)
Present Perfect just , already , yet , lately , of late , recently .
The mail has just come. .
He has seen many films lately. .
2. , , , , today , this week , this month , this century .
I have written a letter this morning. .
3. , .
I have known him all my life. .
I have known him for 2 years. 2 .
He has not seen his parents since January. .
4. Present Perfect always , often , seldom , ever -, never .
She has neverbeen to London. .
Have you ever been to Moscow? - ?
.
Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
| I, we, have seen you, they He, she, it has seen | I, we, have not seen you, they He, she, it has not seen | Have I (we, you, they) seen? Has he (she, it) seen? |
I have = I've
He has = He's
I have not = I haven't
He has not = He hasn't
The Past Perfect Tense.
.
Past Perfect , .
He had finished his work when I came.
by 3 o'clock yesterday.
before she arrived home.
( ) .
3- .
, .
They went home after they had finished their work. , .
.
Past Perfect to have Past Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
| I had worked | I had not worked | Had I worked ? |
I had = I'd
I had not = I hadn't
The Future Perfect Tense.
.
Future Perfect , .
|
|
|
He will have finished his work when I come.
by 3 o'clock tomorrow.
by the time you come back.
, .
3- .
, .
.
Future Perfect to have Future Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
| I, we will have He, she, it worked you, they | I, we will not He, she, it, have worked you, they | Shall (will) I (we) have worked? Will he (she, it, you, they) have worked? |
.
will , , , .
I'll, he won't
.
. (Active Voice) , , .
He often asks questions. .
(Passive Voice) , , .
He is often asked questions. .
to be Participle II ( II) .
|
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Indefinite | I am asked he (she) is asked we (you, they) are asked | I (he, she) was asked we (you, they) were asked | I (we) will be asked he (she, you, they) |
| Continuous | I am being asked he (she) is being asked we (you, they) are being asked | I (he, she) was being asked we (you, they) were being asked | |
| Perfect | I, we, you, have been they asked he (she) has been asked | I (he, she, had been we, you, asked they) | I, we will have he, she, been asked you, they |
.
Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II).
1. The newspapers are delivered every morning (Present Indefinite Passive). .
2. This book was bought a month ago. (Past Indefinite Passive) .
3. The letter will be mailed tomorrow. (Future Indefinite Passive) .
Continuous Passive (to be + being + Participle II).
1. The house is being repaired. (Present Continuous Passive) .
2. When John was ill he was being taught at home. (Past Continuous Passive) , .
Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II).
1. This letter has been brought by the secretary. (Present Perfect Passive) . ( )
2. He decided to become a writer only when his first story had been published. (Past Perfect Passive) , .
3. By the 1st of July you will have passed the last exam. (Future Perfect Passive) 1 .
|
|
|
: ) ; ) ; ) - .
The house is built. ) . ) . ) .
. :
hear of
laugh at
look after (-)
look at
rely on
send for
speak of (about)
pay attention to
take care of
The book is much spoken about. .
He can't be relied on. .
:
to listen to -, -
to look for -
to provide for -, -
to explain to -
He was listened to with great attention. .
.
, , , , , , .
To translate () the text I used a dictionary. , .
Smoking () is not allowed here. () .
The stars shining ( I) in the dark sky seem blue. , , .
.
(the Infinitive) , . ( I) . to: to help , to read . to :
1) shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow. .
2) ( ought). She can ski and skate. .
3) feel, see, hear, watch . We saw him enter. , .
4) let (), have, make (). What makes you think so? ? Let me take this book, please. , .
5) had better (), would rather ( ). You had better go now. / . I must see you at once. .
.
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to write to be writing to have written to have been writing | to be written -- to have been written -- |
, , , , . I like to help. . I like to be helped. , .
Indefinite Active , . Continuous Active . She likes to write letters. . She must be still writing. , , .
, - ( ).
, , -. I am glad to study at the University. , . I am glad to have studied at the University. , .
.
|
|
|
:
) . To walk in the garden was very pleasant. . To read a lot is to know much. .
) . To read the book I went to the reading-hall. , .
) . :
1. . He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. , .
2. . I have nothing to sky. .
3. , . She was the first to come. .
) . He was glad to have been given a new job. , . I decided to read this book. .
) ( ). You may come in. . We ought to leave early in the morning. . My wish is to read much. .
.
I. .
The Complex Object (Objective with the Infinitive Construction).
.
|
. He wants the book to be returned tomorrow. , .
II. .
The Complex Subject (The Nominative with the Infinitive Construction).
. .
She is expected to come any minute. , .
The water seems to be boiling. , .
The Delegation is reported to have left London. , .
He is likely to know her address. , , .
He is sure to be asked about it. , , .
She is said to be very beautiful. . .
The car was seen to disappear. , .
:
1. , -- to see, to hear, to notice . , -- to think, to consider, to expect . ( ); to say, to report, to ask, to order, to announce ( ).
2. to be likely (), to be unlikely (), to be certain / to be sure ( / ).
3. to seem / to appear ( / -), to prove / to turn out (), to happen ().
for.
The For to Infinitive Construction.
for. .
It's easy for meto answer this question. .
It will be very pleasant for usto spend a week in England. .
There was nothing else for meto say. .
It is for youto decide. .
Here are some books for youto read. ( ).
|
|
|
I.
I (Participle I) , , . .
.
| active | passive | |
| Indefinite Perfect | asking having asked | being asked having been asked |
Participle I Indefinite , -. While translating difficult texts we use a dictionary. , .
Participle I Perfect , , -. Having read the book I returned it to the library. , .
I.
I (Participle I) :
1. . Participle I Indefinite, . A smiling girl. . A swimming man. . The men building our house with me are my friends. , , -- . The house being built in our street is a new building of school. , -- .
2. . Participle I Indefinite Active . Translating the article he consulted the dictionary. , .
when while. ( ) , , "", " ". While translating the article the student consulted the dictionary. , . / , .
Participle I Indefinite Passive . Being built of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads. , .
Participle I Perfect Active . Having built a house he began building a greenhouse. , .
Participle I Indefinite Passive (, ) . . Having been built of concrete, the house was cold in winter. , .
3. . Participle I Indefinite Active . They are playing chess. .
II.
II (Participle II) (III ), , . .
II , Past Indefinite, ed to ask asked, to help helped.
I, II , . , . , II, - . The book discussed yesterday was interesting. , , . The books discussed at the lessons are always interesting. , , .
II.
II :
) . Last time is never found again. ( ). A written letter lay on the table. . They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. , 18 .
) . II if, unless, when. , , . If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. ( ) , .
|
|
|
.
1.
. I saw her crossing the street. , . " I" the Objective with the Participle I Construction -- , , , , . I Participle I Indefinite Active.
, . to see, to hear, to watch, to feel . . They watched him entering the house. , . I saw John passing our house. , .
" II" the Objective with the Participle II I, , II , , . . :
1) to see, to hear, to feel, to watch .;
2) , to want, to wish .;
3) to have, to get.
We head his name mentioned. , .
I want the work done. , .
I have my photo taken. .
.
II .
, , (the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) Participle I, Participle II.
1. I. I , , - . ( ) I. , , ( ). . . .
The weather permitting, we shall go to the country. , . ( )
It being very cold, we could not go for a walk. , . ( )
The sun having risen, we continued our way. , , . ( )
The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher. () , . ( )
2. II. : , , II. .
His work finished, he went home. , .
. The Gerund.
, . . , , . , , , .
ing. To translate translat ing, to read read ing.
| active | passive | |
| Indefinite Perfect | writing having written | being written having been written |
Participle I Perfect Participle. , , . Indefinite Gerund , , -.
He likes inviting friends to his place. .
He likes being invited to his friends. , .
(Perfect Gerund) , , -.
He is proud of having invited this man to his place. , .
He was proud of having been invited to the party. , .
.
:
) . Smoking is not allowed here. () .
) . There are different ways of obtaining this substance. .
) . His hobby is driving a car. () ().
) . The car needs repairing. ( ).
.
) . They spoke about their travelling. (, ).
.
) . Learning rules without examples is of little use. ( ) .
I like reading. ().
Think before answering. .
By doing that you'll save a lot of time. , .
I am tired of waiting. ( ).
The floor of the room needs painting. ( ).
Everybody laughed on hearing his answer. , () .
Thank you for coming. , .
He is proud of having won in the tournament. , .
She is sorry for being late. , .
He ran without stopping. , .
Before going to bed, she locked the door. , .
, , .
.
, , . I must come and see my parents next Sunday. . He can speak three languages. .
, ed, - ing, s, - es 3- Present Indefinite, .. . . to ( ought to).
Can / could.
: can , could . :
1. . "", "". She can speak English well but she can't write it at all. () -, .
2. ( ). Can we go home? ? Yes, you can go. , .
3. , ( ). You can't speak at the lessons. .
4. ( ). Can (could) you give me your dictionary? ?
could .
To be able to
to be able + to can (. 1) . He is able to help you. . He was able to help you. . He will be able to help you. .
may / might
: may , might . may :
1. . You may go. . May I help you? .
2. . You may not come here. .
3. , . It may rain today. .
might :
1. . She said that he might take her book. , .
2. . He might come. , , .
To be allowed to
To be permitted to
to be allowed to be permitted + to may (. 1). I am allowed to use this device. ( ) . He will be allowed to use this device. .
Must
must :
1. , . I must go. .
2. . You mustn't do it. .
3. - , . He must have read this book. , , .
4. , . You must come and see my new flat. .
To have (to)
to have (to) to . ", ". It was very dark and we had to stay at home. , . I don't have to stay here. .
to be + Infinitive
to be . ", " .. I wasto meet her at 3 o'clock. 3 . They are to begin this work at once. .
Shall, should
shall , , , . He shall get his money. . The child shall be punished for it. .
shall . Shall we begin? ?
should , . You should see a doctor. .
.
(Mood) , .
, (the Indicative Mood).
, , , -- (the Subjunctive Mood).
, , , , (the Imperative Mood).
.
The Subjunctive Mood.
"" , , . . (, ).
. should would (Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive). He demanded that the car should be repaired. , . He would come. . He would have come then. .
to be be were , , . If I were .. .
.
Past Indefinite. If you came earlier, you should speak to him. , .
.
, ( I ) ( II ).
I .
, , , , . . If the weather is nice, we go for a walk. , . If the weather was nice, we went for a walk. , . If the weather is nice, we' ll go for a walk. , .
II .
, , . should / would + Indefinite Infinitive to, , Past Indefinite were to be. If he were free, he would do it. , . If we paid more attention to grammar, we should know the language better. , .
III .
, , , . should / would + Perfect Infinitive, , Past Perfect. I should not have been late yesterday, if my watch had been write. , .
.
if ; in case , ; suppose (that) , ; on condition (that) , ; provided (that) , ; unless ; but for .
(The Sentence).
, . The sun rises in the east. .
. . , , .
