Anne and her brother used to live in Columbia. Her father had a good job in the Civil Service and used to smoke forty cigarettes a day. But when he organized day trips for his family, he used to behave like a boy. Today, thirty years later, they still talk about the wonderful trips to the sea their father used to organize when they were children.
Now she is showing her daughter some pictures she took there.
"Look. This is the house we used to live. And here's the restaurant I used to go to. I used to eat there every Saturday. And this is the school I used to teach at. And this is the beach I used to lie on. It was a beautiful place.
In childhood we used to play one game in the car called "I know that lady". One of us would choose someone walking along the street, and as we approached, the driver sounded the car horn, and everybody waved. The woman wouldn't understand why we were waving at her and would look puzzled. But we would play this game with joy".
Task: Say what you didn't use to do, where you didn 't use to go when you were at school.
6. Insert the missing verbs and open the brackets.
- ... you see the play on Channel last night?
- No, I... What (be) it?
- Romeo and Juliet. I (cry).
- You (cry)? Why?
- Well, it (be) very sad. At the end Romeo (kill) himself and then Juliet (kill) herself.
- It (sound) dumb to me. Why they (kill) themselves?
- For love.
- Oh! They really (be) dumb,... they?
7. Complete the conversation. Put in the past simple.
Clarie: You (have) a nice weekend in Paris?
Mark: Yes, thanks. It (be) good. We (look) around and
then we (see) a show. We (not try) to do too much.
Clarie: What sights you (see)?
Mark: We (have) a look round the Louvre. I (not/know)
there was so much in there.
Clarie: And what show you (go) to?
Mark: Oh, a musical. I forget the name. I (not like) it.
Clarie: Oh, dear. And Sarah (enjoy) it?
Mark: No, not really. But we (enjoy) the weekend. Sarah (do) some shopping, too, but I (not want) to go shopping.
Task: 1. Give a brief account of the conversation.
2. Ask your friend for some information about his/her last weekend.
8. Put the verbs into the correct form.
1. Not many people know that once Oxford (be) the capital of England. Charles I (make) it the capital in 1642 and it (remain) the capital of the country till 1645.
2. I (come) in very late last night and unfortunately the dog (wake) up and (start) to bark. This (wake) my mother who (come) to the top of the stairs and (say), "Who is there?" I (say), "It's me", but she (not hear) me because the dog was barking so loudly, so she (go) back to her room and (telephone) the police.
3. The teacher (come) into the classroom unusually early and one of the boys who was smoking a cigarette, (have) no time to put it out. So he (throw) it into the desk and (hope) for the best. A little later the teacher (notice) a smoke rising from this desk.
4. He (leave) the house at 8.00 yesterday. - Where he (go)? -1 (not see) where he (go), but at 10.00 I (see) him at work.
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5. When and where you (find) this knife? - I (find) it in the garden yesterday. - Why you (not leave) it there? - I (think) it
(be) yours.
6. I (buy) this jacket in Bond Street an hour ago. - How much you (pay) for it? -1 (pay) £ 50. - You (try) it on? - No, I
(do) not.
7. You were here last summer,... you? - Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year. - You (have) a good time? No, it never
(stop) raining.
8. You (lock) the door before you left the house? - Certainly,!(...) it.
9. When he (arrive)? - He (arrive) at 6.00, (have) dinner and (decide) to look through the mail.
10. Last Sunday the concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for 1 two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much.
11. You (like) your last job? - I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me. - How long you (be) there? -1 (be) there for two weeks.
12. Marry (feed) the cat in the morning? - Yes, she (feed)
him before lunch. - What she (give) him? - She (give) him
some fish, but he (not eat) anything.
13. Who you (vote) for at the last election? -1 (vote) for Mr Simons. - He (not be) elected, (be) he? - No, he (lose) his deposit.
14. You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday? - Yes, I
(...). We (have) coffee together afterwards.
15. He (lose) his job last month. - Why he (lose) his job?
- He (be) very rude to Mr Smith.
16. He (lose) his job last month. - Why he (lose) his job?
- He (be) very rude to Mr Smith.
17. When I heard the knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) a man standing in the corridor.
18. His mother used to tell him that he (spend) too much money but he never (listen) to her.
19. The Incas who (live) in South America (cultivate) potato and maize on the terraces on the sides of mountains. Potato (be) so important to the Incas that they (invent) a way of preserving them by freezing and drying. From 1438 the Incas (control) over four thousand kilometers of coastline from the Andes to the Pacific. But in 1532 a Spaniard, Francisco Pisarro, (ride) into what is now Peru with 62 horses and 106 foot soldiers and (conquer) the great empire by capturing the Supreme Inca who (be) the head of state as well as a god, the God of the Sun.
20. On June 14,1777 the Americans (adopt) their own flag The red and white stripes in the flag represent the original thirteen American states that (declare) their independence from Great Britain.
21. The Beatles, the first really important pop group, (come) from Liverpool, a town in the North of England. They (have) their first record in 1962 and in 1963 they (achieve) everything in Britain - so they (turn) to America and (have) even greater success.
9. Translate into English.
. . 55 , (), - . , , , . . . , - .
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73 - .
, . . , . . , . , , , . (- ) . . , . . , . . (407 ..) , , . , . , .
10. Practice the following dialogues. Ask and answer the questions about your life now and when you were a child.
a)
E: Reggie, you used to be the best baseball player in the National League. Are you going to come back and play again?
R: No, I'm not. No more.
E: Why not?
R: Well, baseball used to be the most important thing in my life, but it isn't any more. I used to practice every day. I never used to smoke, drink, or stay up late.
E: Why, has your life changed, Reggie?
R: Well, I was poor then, but I'm not now. I don't need to play baseball any more.
b)
G: Dad?
H: What?
G: There is a terrific movie downtown.
H: Really? What is it?
G: War in Space.
H: Are you going to see it?
G: I'd like to. All my friends are going; but I don't have any money.
H: O.K., O.K. How much do you want?
G: Ten dollars.
H: Ten dollars! When I was your age I used to get two dollars to go to the movies!
G: I know, I know. And you used to walk a mile to school and you used to cut wood.
H: And I used to talk to my father with respect.
11. Role-play the conversations.
A Stupid Student
Jim: Excuse me. Did you use to live in York?
Jack: Yes, I did.
Jim: Did you use to be a tutor at the University?
Jack: Yes. For a few years.
Jim: Do you remember Hugh Young? He was a music student.
Jack: Hugh Young? Did he use to have a huge yellow jeep?
Jim: Yes. And he used to play beautiful tunes on the tuba.
Jack: Yes, I knew Hugh. He used to be a very stupid student. Do you have any news of Hugh?
Jim: Yes. He's millionaire now in New York.
Jack: A millionaire? Playing the tuba?
Jim: Oh, no. He produces jam in tubes, and tins of sausages and onion stew, and sells them in Europe. I read about Hugh in the newspaper yesterday.
Jack: Oh! Well, he wasn't so stupid.
A Phone Call
Vicki: Dunston 238282.
Randy: Hello, Vicki. This is Randy.
Vicki: Oh, hello, darling.
Randy: What did you do yesterday, Vicki? You forgot our date, didn't you?
Vicki: Well, it rained all day and I have a bad cold so I decided to stay at home.
Randy: Did you? I telephoned twenty times and nobody answered.
Vicki: Oh, the telephone was damaged. They repaired it today.
Randy: What did David do yesterday? Did he and Dotty go dancing?
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Vicki: No they stayed at home and played cards with the children. And what did you do? Did you play cards too?
Randy: No, Sydney and I listened to the radio and studied.
Vicki: What did you do yesterday Randy?
Randy: I've just told you, Vicki. I tried to phone you twenty times!!!
Task: 1) Give a brief account of the conversations.
2) Try to reproduce your last telephone conversation with your friend. Work in pairs.
12. Read the texts and ask different types of questions.
Florence Nightingale
The Nightingales belonged to the highest social class. They travelled a great deal, and Florence, their daughter, who was so called because she was born in the city of Florence in 1820, was highly educated in music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. She
spoke French, German and Italian with ease, was attractive and was expected to marry one of her admirers who came to the Nightingales' home.
But ever since Florence was a child she had nursed the villagers and sick dogs, cats and horses round her home and had had a passion to be a nurse. Her parents were horrified and did all they could to prevent it. In her days nursing was done only by women of the lowest moral class. But Florence was not to be turned aside and her mother, with tears in her eyes, agreed to her daughter's life choice.
Florence was a British hospital reformer and she founded the nursing profession. When the Crimea War started in 1854, she volunteered to lead a team of nurses working in military hospitals. She tried to improve the terrible conditions in the hospitals, and the soldiers called her the Lady with the Lamp. Every night, carrying a little oil-lamp to light her way, she walked by the beds four miles easing the pain of the sick, comforting the dying. She often worked for twenty-four hours on end, dressing wounds, helping surgeons in their operations. She spared no one, least of all herself. The Lady with the Lamp was also a hard, practical woman. Out of hopeless confusion in hospitals where soldiers were dying in thousands, she brought order. In 1855 she was made Inspector of all hospitals in the Crimea. It meant long, uncomfortable journeys in snow and rain, and cold.
After the war she established the Nightingale School foi Nurses in London. In 1910 Florence died quietly in her sleep at the age of ninety.
Elvis Presley - The King of Rock and Roll (1935-1977)
Elvis Presley was a rock and roll singer whose enormous success changed popular culture throughout the world. He was one of the founders of youth culture. When Elvis died on August 16, 1977, radio and television programs all over the world gave the news of his death. President Carter declared a day of national mourning. Carter said: "Elvis Presley changed
the face of American popular culture....He was unique and irreplaceable". Eighty thousand people attended his funeral.
Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi. His parents were poor and Elvis never had music lessons, but music surrounded him from an early age. His parents were very religious and Elvis regularly sang at church services. He left school in 1953 and got a job of a truck driver. In the summer of 1953 Elves paid $4 and recorded two songs for his mother's birthday at Sam Philips's Records studio. Sam Philips (a rhythm and blues producer) heard Elvis and asked him to record songs for him in July 1954. In 1955 he met Colonel Tom Parker, who became his manager. In the next fourteen months he made another fourteen records and they were all big hits. In 1956 he made his first movie in Hollywood. In March 1958, Elvis had to join the army. He spent the next two years in Germany where he met Priscilla Beaulien, who became his wife eight years later on May 1, 1967. In 1960 he left the army and went to Hollywood where he made several movies during the next few years. Presley's personal life suffered desperately, and he fought battles with weight gain and drug dependence. In 1972 his wife left him and they divorced in 1973. Elvis died of a heart attack. He left all his money to his only daughter, Liza Maria Presley. She became one of the richest people of the world when she was only nine years old. Discuss: The life of famous people.
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13. Read the texts and retell them.
The Last One?
After reading an article entitled Cigarette Smoking and Your
Health I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement when-
ever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more that I could bear. I took one guilty, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lot of times!
Success Story
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own.
During the war Frank used to make spare parts for airplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their son's bicycle!
SOS
When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt.
It was the middle of winter. Snow lay thick on the ground. The woman knew that the nearest village was miles away. When it grew dark she turned a suit case into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. During the night it got terribly cold. The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. Early next morning, she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. Then
she had an idea. She stamped out the letters SOS in the snow, fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town. It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.
Task: Describe the most difficult situation you have ever happened to get into.
14. Read and translate the text. Ask and answer the questions on its contents. Make up the plan for rendering the text.
The Story of Fiction
Literature plays a key role in global culture. It educates and entertains us, brings past centuries to life, and helps us to understand our deepest dreams and fears. How did the art of fiction develop? Well, it a very, very long story...
Nobody knows when fiction began. May be the first storyteller was a prehistoric mother trying to explain the world to her children. Or perhaps it was a hunter making up adventures around the campfire. Who knows?
What we do know, though, is that story-telling was a purely oral activity until around 800 B.C. myths and tales were passed down by word of mouth and each new generation of storytellers memorized them.
That only changed when the Ancient Greeks started to keep written records of certain stories. The earliest surviving examples of this are the epic poems of Homer (a blind professional storyteller who lived in the eighth century B.C.).
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Gradually the idea of written stories spread across Europe. Yet, although this rich literary tradition existed for many hundreds years, very few people enjoyed it at the time. Why? Because... 1) only the educated upper classes were able to read, 2) very few copies existed, as books were written by hand.
What changed all that and brought written fiction to ordinary men and women was a machine. It was Johannes Gutenberg, a German, who built and operated the first ever printing press with movable metal letters in the mid-fifteenth century. Gutenberg's revolution took place in the city of Mains. Thanks to his discov-
ery written fiction reached a massive new audience - but not straight away. It was a gradual process which slowly took place over several generations. More and more printing presses began to operate across Europe and thanks to the Renaissance and the gradual spread of education, more and more people learned to read. Poetry and drama were the most important forms of literature for centuries. In the I-st century a new form appeared and has dominated literature ever since... the novel.
The new literary form was well-established by 1800 and its popularity grew ever faster during the ninetieth century thanks to the Industrial Revolution which made Europe richer and created increased standards of education, numbers of public libraries, leisure time for the new "middle classes". All these factors produced a massive literary boom during the 19lh century which made best-selling authors like Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, Mark Twain and Thomas Hardy world-famous names.
But suddenly with the appearance of radio, cinema, and finally television written fiction had to compete for its audience.
Discuss: The main stages of fiction development.
The Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite is formed with the auxiliaries will and shall (for the first person singular and plural) and bare infinitive.
| Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative |
| I will work We shall | Will I work? Shall we | I shall not/ work We will not |
| He She It will work You They | He she Will it work? you they | He She will not It (won't) work You They |
NOTES:
First person will and shall. (Am. - will)
Shall is no longer common in conversation, but it is still found in formal English. We can say:
| / shall be 18 next week. We or shall know the results tomorrow. | I will be 18 next week. We will know the results tomorrow. |
| Formally will expresses intention. Shall is used when there is no intention (where the subject wishes are not involved). | / will wait for you (intend to wait). We shall miss our train, if the taxi doesn 't come soon. |
The Future Indefinite is used:
1. to make a statement of a future fact or a prediction about the future.
Tomorrow's program will be very interesting.
2. to express hopes[8], thoughts, expectations about the future.
I think it'll rain tomorrow.
3. for a sudden decision to do something.
There isn't any bread left. - Oh, I'll buy some.
The phone is ringing. - I will answer it.
4. to express the idea of willingness to do something.
/'// do it for you. (promise)
Will you close the window, please? (request)
I'll look after the children, (offer)
Stop that or I'll call the police, (threat)
5. in the sentences containing clauses of condition (Type I) and time.
/'// phone you when I get home.
If I get that job, I'll earn a lot of money.
6. for future habitual action.
Spring will come again and birds will build their nests. 1. to make formal announcement of future plans and to present weather forecast.
The President will deliver his message in a week. Rain will continue throughout the week.
8. to express refusal: I won't/shan't do it. I won't ... is a strong refusal.
/ won't listen to any more of this nonsense.
8. Shall I/we is used in the question form to make offers or suggestions or to ask for suggestions, advice, instructions.
Shall is used in question tags.
What shall I do? Shall I read the text?
Shall we take a taxi? Let's wait, shall we?
Future with be going to is used:
1. to talk about a future situation which already has signs or causes in the present.
Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.
2. to talk about intentions concerning things already decided.
She is going to knit a jumper; she's already bought some wool.
3. to express firm determination, intention in the near future, prediction. I'm going to meet Tim at the station at six.
NOTES:
1) The Present Continuous is used for the future to express an arrangement.
They are leaving for England tomorrow. I'm seeing them off at the airport at 6 'clock.
2) Very often there is more than one possible form that could be used for the future.
| will: be going to: Present Continuous: Present Simple: Future Continuous: | /'// be free in August, (neutral future) I'm going to spend summer in the U.S. (an intention) I'm starting work in September. (an arrangement) She finishes college this summer. (a timetable) /'// be leaving in June. (in the course of events) |
Practice
I. Read the text and analyze verb forms used for the future.
Oh, Summer!
This is my last year at college, so I'll be leaving in June. And I've already got a job! In September I'm starting work at a bank in London. So I'll be free for most of the summer. I'm going to spend six weeks travelling around the US. My friend Vicki is coming with me. (She finishes college at the same time with me.) We're really looking forward to the trip. We are going to Canada too. Vicki's friend in Toronto is going to take us round the city. I hope we'll have a good time there. I think we'll come back to England at the end of August.
2. Write predictions (what you think). Be ready to give reason*, for the predictions. Use will or won't.
In 100 years' time...
1. Will there be many people as there are now in 100 years' time?
2. Will cars be powered by petrol? Electric batteries7 Atomic power?
3. Will people still smoke cigarettes?
4. Will people speak the same language all over the world?
5. Will there be drugs against every kind of disease?
6. What is your own prediction about the world in 100 years' time?
1. Will you speak English better than you do now in five years' time?
8. Will you have the same job as you have now?
9. Will you be married? Will you he rich?
Task: Write five predictions about yourself.
4. Ask questions with shall for offers, suggestions, request and advice to match the answers given below. Suggest your o\\n answers to the questions:
| What Where | shall | I we | 1. cook a meal for you? 2. go to the USA for our holiday this year? 3. do if the money doesn't reach me in time? 4. do the shopping? 5. dance? 6. wear on the wedding? 7. take our friend when she comes to visit? |
| Answers: | a) Why don't you buy a new dress? b) No, thanks, I'm not hungry, c) I'd rather stay in England d) Yes, please. I'll stay at home and look after the children. e) Later, perhaps. I feel a little tired at the moment. f) Let's show her the museums. g) Go to your bank manager and ask him for a loan. |
4. Open the brackets. Retell the text as it is.
Discuss: Charity and your attitude to this problem.
An Important Visitor
The Middleburg Airport is full of people. They are waiting for an important visitor - the president's wife, the First Lady, They are expecting her to arrive soon. She is going to attend the opening of a new rehabilitation center for war veterans built al the expense of the charity funds. The Mayor of Middleburg is waiting for the First Lady too. His administrative assistance is telling him the plans for the day.
1. She'll be here soon. We (wait) until the plane is on the ground.
2. When the plane lands, the band (start) playing.
3. Your son (give) her some flowers when she gets off the plane.
4. You (make) a speech before she leaves the airport.
5. As soon as she arrives at the rehabilitation center the people (begin) cheering.
6. After she attends the opening, we (go) to the Purefoy Hotel.
7. When she gets to the hotel, we (have) lunch.
8. After we have lunch, she (make) a speech.
