Эмфаза – это эмоциональная окрашенность и экспрессивность как устной, так и письменной речи. Она диктуется желанием выделить какие-то элементы высказывания. Эмфаза создается как грамматическими, так и лексическими средствами или и теми и другими вместе. Она служит усилению выразительности как при выражении эмоций, так и при выражении мысли, поэтому различные средства выражения эмфазы можно найти не только в стиле художественной прозы и в газетно-публицистическом стиле, но также и в стиле научной прозы и официально-деловом стиле. Эмфатические модели в английском и русском языках иногда совпадают, но чаще наблюдается несовпадение. Поэтому так важно научиться узнавать их, чтобы уметь правильно передавать ту же степень выразительности в переводе, но часто при помощи других средств.
Средства выражения эмфазы в английском языке:
1) инверсия (обратный порядок слов). Сказуемое в таких предложениях выражено непереходным глаголом, выражающим форму существования (бытие: to be, to live, to remain; положение в пространстве: to lie, to sit, to stand, etc; движение: to run, to move, to pass, etc; появление, возникновение, развитие: to arrive, to emerge, etc.):
e.g. Behind the cart was tied a retriever. – Сзади к телеге был привязан ретривер (охотничья поисковая собака).
Came a beautiful fall day, warm and languid. – Наступил прекрасный осенний день, теплый и томный.
2) инверсия в соотносительном сложносочиненном предложении (с союзами: not only… but, not merely … but, hardly … when, scarcely … when, no sooner … than):
e.g. No sooner had he come than he fill ill. – Не успел он приехать, как заболел.
Hardly had they come home when it began to rain. – Едва только они пришли домой, как пошел дождь.
3) инверсия дополнения и обстоятельства со значением отрицания (never, nowhere, not a word, etc); ограничения (с частицей only); усиления (many a time, etc.):
e.g. Only when they left the house did his normal eloquence return. – И только когда они вышли из дома, к нему вернулось его обычное красноречие.
Everything was always in its place, and nowhere could you see a speck of dust. – Всё всегда лежало на своем месте, и нигде вы не смогли бы увидеть ни пылинки.
4) инверсия придаточной части условных предложений, при отсутствии подчинительного союза.
e.g. Had she been 14 instead of 24, she might have been changed… – Будь ей 14, а не 24, её, пожалуй, можно было бы изменить.
5) эмфатическое выделение сказуемого при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в Present и Past Indefinite в сочетании с инфинитивом полнозначного глагола:
e.g. I do love you. – Я же люблю тебя. (Я действительно, я правда люблю тебя.)
6) выделение предикатива путем вынесения его на первое место в предложении:
e.g. Terrible it had been! – Ну и ужасно же это было!
7) выделение подлежащего с помощью инверсии в эллиптических конструкциях с so и neither (целью которых является отнесение содержания сказуемого предыдущего предложения к подлежащему последующего предложения):
e.g. The little passage was empty and so was the kitchen. – Маленький коридор был пуст. Кухня тоже.
Не следует путать данную конструкцию с конструкцией, используемой для выделения вспомогательного или служебного глагола в сказуемом любого типа и имеющей целью подтверждение предыдущего высказывания (без изменения субъекта).
e.g. Bill was tired after the bull-fight. So was I. – Билл устал после боя быков. Я тоже.
“He is tired.” – “ So he is”. – «Он устал.» – «Да, так оно и есть».
8) эмфатические конструкции с предваряющим it. Когда хотят выделить какой-нибудь член предложения (подлежащее, дополнение, обстоятельство, предикатив) его ставят в начале предложения между it is (was) и that (who, whom).
e.g. It was James who saved the situation. – Ситуацию спас именно Джеймс.
It was Covent Garden Theatre that I chose. – Я выбрал именно Ковент-Гарден.
It was then he had arisen. – Именно тогда он и появился.
9) оборот с отрицанием not при наличии until или till.
e.g. It was not until he had read for several days that he came upon a story that quickened his pulse. – И только после того, как он несколько дней просидел над книгой, он натолкнулся на повесть, от которой сердце у него забилось сильнее.
10) конструкции с так называемым Condensed Relative, то есть с относительным местоимением what в придаточных подлежащих или дополнительных предложениях.
e.g. After all, Britain is unique in expecting to see its ministers move around every few years – as though politics were a branch of show business where what matters is that the faces should be new. – В конце концов, Великобритания единственная страна, которая ожидает смены министров каждые несколько лет, как будто политика – это мюзик-холл, где основное – новые лица.
11) эмфатическое использование сравнительных степеней much u little в сочетании с использованием других средств эмфазы:
e.g. I think she was being less than truthful. – Я думаю, что сейчас ей совсем нельзя верить.
12) употребление превосходной степени most с неопределенным артиклем:
e.g. It was a most fascinating film. – Это был необыкновенно (весьма) увлекательный фильм.
13) модель as… as в сочетании с неопределенными местоимениями: any, anybody, anything.
e.g. His chef was as good as any in Paris and you could be sure at his table of having set before you the earliest delicacies of the season. – Его шеф-повар был лучшим в Париже, и вы могли быть уверены, что за его столом вам предложат самые редкие для этого времени года лакомства.
14) употребление в Continuous глаголов, выражающих восприятие, умственную деятельность, речь, чувства любви, ненависти, желания (то есть глаголов, сравнительно редко употребляемых в Continuous):
e.g. In these days he was thinking much about that young fellow… His face showed what he was thinking. – В те дни он много думал об этом молодом человеке… Его лицо отражало то, что он думал.
15) отрицательные конструкции с no:
e.g. He is no linguist. – Он вовсе не лингвист.
I’m feeling no worse than yesterday. – Я чувствую себя так же, как вчера.
There were no fewer than 150 people at the party. – На вечеринке было по крайней мере 150 человек.
She had no small part in its success. – Она сыграла большую роль в его успехе.
It’s a question of no great importance. - Это совсем неважный вопрос.
При переводе отрицательных эмфатических конструкций часто приходится прибегать к антонимическому переводу.
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
1. Up goes unemployment, up go prices, and down tumbles the Labour Vote. (The Times)
2. The form of the symphonic movements, complex though they became, still bears the mark of the folksong.
3. It was not until he had read for several days that he came upon a story that quickened his pulse. (Stone)
4. Our arrangement was no announcement for a few days. (Hailey)
5. Walter might be said to have a great sense of fun, if no very strong sense of humour. (Walpole)
6. Stress is no respecter of age. Or sex. Or wealth. (The Daily Mirror)
7. They passed no village bigger than a hamlet and no inn better than an alehouse, but Harry was urgent to stop at one of them and seek better horses. (Buchan)
8. The differences between India and Pakistan are not irreconcilable. (The Guardian)
9. Drought so late in the year is rare but not unknown, commented a gardening expert in the local newspaper. (Kenyon)
10. She could see in him nothing that was not rich, shining, desirable. (Johnson)
11. Any international agreement concerned with non-proliferation must ensure that a way to a future deterrent is effectively barred. New fingers on a nuclear trigger would be no less acceptable if the nuclear decision were in the hands not of one new power but of a majority in some consortium. This fact cannot be stated too often and too clearly. The accumulation of nuclear weapons cannot be too often emphasized. (The Guardian)
12. The Senator was less than delighted at the news. (Newsweek)
13. And in a little while I received the grateful news that the object of Julia’s affections was no less a person than the incorruptible Chandra Lal. (Maugham)
14. Ulanova did more than embellish the art of dance. (The Moscow Times)
15. The assumption that there is a special relationship between London and Washington irritates the French, not least because they regard it as largely imaginary. (The Guardian)
16. The sun was shining and the Mediterranean was at its bluest. (Christie)
17. The distant hum of the street traffic was at its faintest. (Collins)
18. Old Jolyon was as lonely an old man as any in London. (Galsworthy)
19. As many as three weeks the travellers spent in the jungle. (The Guardian)
20. As early as 1904 while still a student Webern met Arnold Schoenberg and became his lifelong friend and disciple in the cause of overthrowing tonal music. (“Time”)
21. Never before in the history of the world have there been so many persons engaged in the translation of both secular and religious materials. (Nida and Taber)
22. In this picture his manner is at its crudest. (The Guardian)
23. His audience last night may also have been less than enthusiastic about the PM’s attitude towards Government spending. (The Times)
24. Her appearance on the stage has been as exhilarating as anything that has happened since the beginning of the season. (The Times)
25. No two international problems are alike. (The Guardian)
26. It was not an unfavourable moment to abolish all military pacts. (The Times)
27. Now she was going away, and somehow Paris would be more lonely without her. Not that he ever saw her, but it was nice to know she was about, read her name in the Mondanités now and then. (Mure)
28. Colonel Hunt, head of the Everest expedition, lost his temper and implied that, far from being a hero, I wasn’t even, technically, a very good climber. (Tenzing)
29. There was the long drive home; the long drive and the warm dark and the pleasant closeness of the hansom cab. (Galsworthy)
30. Up went the steps, bang went the door, round whirled the wheels, off they rattled. (Dickens)
31. Never had he read fiction with such keen zest as he studied those books. (London)
32. Many a time in the course of that week did I bless the good fortune. (Kipling)
33. Little did we think that we were never to see him again. (Dickens)
34. He leaned forward confidentially, and continued in an intimate half-boyish tone: “I am not being quite frank with you, Andy, I feel I must be. It’s my wife. My wife won’t let me go. (Bennett)
35. Oh, yes, and there’s our Matt – you know Matt – he’s always talking politics. (Lindsay)
36. Presently, he stopped and leaned over a gate … He was always stopping and leaning as Val called it, “mooning”. (Galsworthy)
37. Love he did her surely. (Dreiser)
38. Strange is the heart of woman. (Leacock)
39. Not only did he speak correctly but he spoke more easily. (London)
40. Not merely did he not know any editors or writers, but he did not know anybody who had ever attempted to write. (London)
41. No sooner had the dog caught sight of him, however, than it began to growl savagely. (Wells)
42. She it was who saved the situation. (Wells)
43. It is the best of friends I am going to be with you. (Dreiser)
44. It was there that he gained his reputation as a missionary preacher. (Voynich)
45. It was because he loved her that he did not quite understand her. (London)
46. It was almost cheerfully, therefore, that he greeted her. (Haxley)
47. Fame was all very well, but it was for Ruth that his splendid dream arose. (London)
48. It is to save yourselves from further loss that you have decided to make me this scapegoat. (Dreiser)
49. It was you who called the sheriff, not I. (Gow and D’Usseau)
50. It was still her hand which kept him from utter destitution. (Brontë)
51. He decided on a letter. This letter he addressed to Cork Street. (Galsworthy)
52. Food I got, but light and air – no. (Galsworthy)
53. Lovely voice she had, and once or twice he had made her laugh. (Priestly)
54. Many bargains had he picked up there. (Galsworthy)
55. “I am a determined character,” said Mr. Creakle. “That’s what I am. I do my duty. That’s what I do.”. (Dickens)
56. What I suffered for that placard nobody can imagine. (Dickens)
57. Inexperienced though he was, he had still a strong sense of the danger. (Wilde)
58. And, as dark as it was, and as fat as Bill was, and as good a runner as I am, he was a good mile and a half out of Summit before I could catch up with him. (O’Henry)
59. Was it not the fashion to keep abreast of certain things, however moral one might be? (Galsworthy)
60. It’s as dark as anything outside. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
