1. Research work is carried out at
2. Student research work is one of the most important means to
3. The students of our Academy have every opportunity to carry out research because
4. While doing research students are trained to
5. All senior students are usually busy with
6. While working at their essays senior students have to
7. Every year a special conference takes place at the Academy where the students
8. To solve a scientific problem the students have to
9. During students practical work they have a good chance
10. It is a good opportunity for the students to try their hands at
11. Any post-graduate student must publish
12. After graduating from higher educational institutions some students try to
13. Before beginning research work post-graduates have to
14. While preparing for the qualifying exam in English its necessary
15. Any research worker must have good command of
Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into English.
1. - .
2. - .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
Exercise 6. Interview your fellow-student about his/her work on an undergraduate essay (do this work in your group or in pairs).
You want to know:
if he/she has chosen a theme for his/her undergraduate essay or graduation paper
what scientific problem he/she deals with in his/her essay
what he/she should do to write his/her undergraduate /graduation paper
if he/she tries to express his/her own opinion on the problem
if he/she is going to try his/her hand at writing an article
why your fellow-student tries to take part at student scientific conferences
if he/she is engrossed in his/her research work or not
what he/she usually does in the laboratory
how his/her practical work helps him/her in doing his/her research work
if he/she is going to take post-graduate courses in the future
what field he is going to major in
how many articles a post-graduate student must publish before presenting his/her thesis
what exams the minimum requirements for the Candidates degree include
if he/she has good command of English
why he/she must go on mastering English after graduating from the Academy
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2
CRIMEA
(1 )
There are corners on our earth so beautiful that each time you visit them they give you a sense of happiness. These words the renowned Russian writer Konstantin Paystovsky devoted to the Crimea are assented to by anybody who has been here but once.
Precisely when the peninsula got for the first time this name which is Turkish for moat, rampart the scholars argue about it to this very day. One thing is certain: it is not casual. On the comparatively small territory washed by the Black Sea and that of Azov there are plenty of ramparts and moats overgrown with the hoary feather-grass and other remains of human hands` creations as well-from the first stone implements to the medieval fortresses.
In ancient Greek myths, the Black Sea-then on the fringe of the Mediterranean world was named Pontus Axeinus, meaning Inhospitable Sea. Later explorations made the region more familiar, and, as colonies were established along the shores of a sea the Greeks came to know as more hospitable and friendly, its name was changed to Pontus Euximus, the opposite of the earlier designation. The Turks, when they came to control the lands beyond the sea`s southern shores, encountered only the sudden storms whipped up on its waters and reverted to a designation reflecting the inhospitable aspect of what they now termed the Karadeniz, or Black Sea.
The Crimean Peninsula, a popular vacation destination, is a large piece of land that juts south from Russia. Only the narrow Isthmus of Perekop links the peninsula to the mainland; Sivash lies between the mainland and peninsula and is separated from the Sea of Azov by a long sand spit, the Tonka of Arabat. The brines of Sivash are used to supply a chemical complex at Krasnoperekopsk on the Perekop Isthmus and Saki. The northern an central part of the Crimean Peninsula (some 75 percent of its total area) is a level plain of dry steppe with little surface water and is under intensive agriculture. Winter wheat, corn (maize), and sunflowers are the main crops. Additional water supplies are brought by canal from the Dnieper River at Kakhovka. Most towns are engaged in processing farm produce, especially wine making. Heavier industry is concentrated in Kerch, a centre of large scale iron-ore mining. The narrow southern coastal plain has a warm climate and is a major health and holiday resort region Sevastopol, one of the best harbours in Russia, is a Russian naval base. Simferopol is the city and administrative centre of Crimea. It lies along The Salgir River where it emerges from the Crimean Mountains.
From low-lying coastal plains to the north, the peninsula rises gradually to the Crimean Mountains on its southern coast. Mount Roman-Kosh, at 5,069 feet, is the Crimean Mountains` highest point. Dense forests of pine, oak, and beech, grassy meadows dotted with wildflowers; flourishing vineyards; and productive croplands all thrive in the peninsula`s rich soil. In addition, the region has large deposits of limestone, marble and iron.
It in antiquity was known as the Tauric Chersonese, was settled by Greek colonists from the 6-th century BC onward, and Scythians occupied the interior. Later it came under the kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus, which eventually collapsed under the barbarian invasions. Long the home of the Crimean Tatars, with Bakhchisaray as their capital, the peninsula was annexed by Russia in 1783. Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin created the plans of annexation. After he came became field marshal in 1784, he introduced many reforms into the army and built a fleet in the Black Sea.
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Crimea has also had a blood military history, with many Russian soldiers buried in its cemeteries. The Crimean War took place on the peninsula and in the Black Sea waters. From October 1853 to February 1856, Russian troops fought against British, French, and Turkish forces, mainly over religious differences. Severe battles were fought at the Alma River, at Balaklava and at Inkerman.
Following the Russian Revolution of the 1917, the British, French, and Turkish alliance controlled Crimea until Soviet troops took over the peninsula in 1921. Control changed hands again during World War 2, with Germany occupying it from 1941 to 1944. During the war, Yalta was the site of a historic conference of leaders of Allied forces Prime Minister Churchill of Great Britain of Great Britain, President Franklin Roosevelt of the Unite States, and Josef Stalin of the soviet Union.
After the war Soviets took control again. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in the 1991, the Crimean Peninsula has been a part of Ukraine. With adoption o the Constitution the Crimea has obtained its flag, coat of arms and anthem. The Flag of the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea is a colour cloth consisting of three horizontal colour strips: blue, white, red. The coat of arms of the ARC represents a silver gryphon on the Varangian shield facing to the right and holding in its right paw an open silver shell with a blue pearl. The shield is crowned with the rising sun and circled by two white columns connected with a blue white-and red band. On the band there is a motto Prosperity in Unity. The anthem of ARC was composed by A.S Karamanov.
Despite its turbulent history, Crimea is the best known as a vacation spot. Its beauty, mild climate and mineral springs make it an ideal spot for the many resorts and health centers that lines its coasts.
VOCABULARY
1. Renowned- , ;
2. Devote-;
3. Precisely-;
4. Moat- ;
5. Rampart- ();
6. Feather-grass-;
7. Implement-, ;
8. Remains-;
9. Destination- , ;
10. To link-, ;
11. Peninsula-;
12. Narrow-;
13. Plain-;
14. Gradually-;
15. Beech-;
16. Meadow-;
17. Flourish-, ;
18. Vineyard-;
19. Cropland-;
20. To thrive-;
21. Soil-;
22. Deposit-;
23. Limestone-;
24. Marble-;
25. Soldier-;
26. Cemetery-;
27. Invasion-;
28. To join-;
29. Naval-;
30. Alliance-, ;
31. Site-;
32. Breakup-;
33. Turbulent-, ;
34. Spring-;
35. To undergo-;
36. Hardship-;
37. Strip-, ;
38. Prosperity-;
39. Shield-;
40. Exploration-;
41. Hospitable-;
42. Designation-;
43. Spit-, ;
44. Brine-, ;
45. Surface-;
46. Engage-;
47. Harbor-, ;
48. Barbarian-;
49. Annexation-;
50. Varangian-
51. Hoary-;
52. Skythia-
53. Scythian-
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2
