, . , .. :
1.
1) (, ) 7.: , , , ; , () ;
2) (8-11 .): , , ; (Old English) , ; , 1 . = 10 000 , .
2.
3) (1066 , 12.-.14 .) - , ; -; , ; , ;
4) (14-15) , , ; ; .
3.
5) ( 1475 . 17 .): , ; ; ;
6) (. 17 18): , ;
7) (19-20) ; , , ; .
4 , . . 449. - . Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. , , . - (, , ) (Anglecyn), : 1) , 2) , 3) . , (Saxones) , . (Angli) , , , , , . . (Iutae) ().
|
|
, . . : , ; ; . - England.
7 . (): , , , , , , , .
- .
. 597 . 601 .
300 . , , : 793 . , 870 . 9 , . 865 . , - . 878 . 8 . , 10 .
, - , . , . , , Dane Law ( ). .
954 . , . . , Danegeld.
, 1016 ., 1019, 1028 . (1035) , , 6 . , , . , , - . . - , . 1066 . . . .
|
|
.
4 :
1) , (, , ),
2) - () ( ),
3) ( , ),
4) ( ).
. 5 6 . , 7 . 9-10 , - - . 10-11 . , , , .
: , ; ; .
. : 1) , (hus - , stan - ); 2) -, (guma , , mædlan ), (meodu-ærn , ), (sæ-mearh -, ); 3) , , (magister . magister - ), (bocere , , . grammeteus, . librarius).
. :
1. : , ; , ; , , ; , .
2. :
(. angelus, . angelos) - . , castra (Chester), colonia Lincoln, Colhester, portus Bridport, Portmouth, foss Fossbrooore, Fossway. ( ). (Abbot . abbas);
( - fellow, law, to call, to take, - Whitby, Appleby);
;
(syrce , );
(dry - , cumb , binn , dun - );
.
. ( ), , , , , . ( ) . .
|
|
1066 . . . , .
. 180 (), 11 . . , . ( ) , . , .
, . , , . , . , .
12-13 . . , , 12 .
: 1476 . (1422-1491) 30 , , (, ). . , . , , .
. 15-16 . , . 15 . (30 ) , . . . ( 1509 1547). . . . , , , .
. . :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
. .
, - .
(, , ).
:
cw qu, cwen queen;.
v - , u;
|
|
wh hw: who, white;
ǽ , .
, , , . : : , , (life I: - ai; e: i: meet); , r; ε: - bird, word; gh bright, light, night, l m,f,v - walk, calves, mb m lamb, mn damn; ks- gz exhibit exhibition.
, . s: shoen shoes, eyen - eyes, en, s. thou . , . do , Past Perfect.
- , . , niman taka (take) sige victry, adi (disease), tof (praise), lyft (air). , blot (). , . , , . , (council, tax), (liberty, charity). (prince, peer, duke, marquis, viscount, baron).
. arena, dexterity, genious, habitual, stimulus. . : . figure . figura . figure. -, : sure secure, poor pauper. i.e. (id est), e.g. (exampli gratia), etc. (etcetera).
, . (12-13 .) . 12 . (, , , ). 13 . . , . - .
. .
, , . 17 . , (, ) . , . 1664 . . : .
. , , , - . , . 18 . , . (1721) (1755). , .
. 1762 , , .
|
|
Oxford English Dictionary A. 1879 . , , , ( ). 4- 1972-1986 . 1989 . .
17 . .
18 . . - . , , : microscope, radioactive, semiconductor. : software, take-off.
. : bungalow, khaki. , , - (bungalow bongolo). : mufti (), bazaar (), kiosk (), anorak (), balcony (), envelope (), yacht (). . : macht-politic (), monono ().
, . , , . . 500 . , 15-20 % .
(Received Standard English) 44 : 12 , 9 23 . 26 . , : 1) , , , 2) , 3) . . , , (connoisseur).
, , : 1) Present Continious, 2) go. (setback, comedown, followup input). (jet jet-propelled aircraft). , , , , , , , . , -, .
, , , , . , , , , . .
RP (received pronunciation), , . . RP , . , advanced RP. : (Kings English) - - .
. , , , . , . 1960- ., , . . . , , .
, : .
. . : (, , ), , , . , , . .
( , , , , ( , ), , - , , , . .
. . : , , , , ( ), . : -, . , . , Standard English.
, .. : , , --, -, . ( business) ; . - (-) (, -) . , , , . - (), (), (), (-, , ), - (- ).
, , , , .
. 16 ., . 17 . 1620 . Mayflower . , . , . , . , 17 . . .
( 17 . 18 .) . (1 .) - .
(1758-1843). (1828) . ., . , ., ., . .. . .. (1925) , .
, , , , , , . .
. : 1) ( , ), 2) ( , , , ), 3) ( , , ).
, . - . . , (, r (bar), (far away), , Carolina, idea of). : , , , , , , , , , , , , .
:
[œ] last, half.
O [a] pot.
U [o] bus, cut, urr [] hurry, current; [j] d,n,s,t (duty, student).
E er + [] clerk, derby.
I [j] ia California.
m, n .
D - ld, -nd, -nds - cold, kinds, [d ], [t ] cordial.
K sk ask.
R , . (raid, rice), (card, mother).
S sion, -sia [z] Asia, sp, -sk (wasps, tasks), yes.
T : ) [d] better, ) Betty, ) mostly, ) that one, mountain.
W where, what .
. Monday, holiday day [dei], -oa [] boat, coat, -ng [n] (thing, strength).
: 1) , , 2) .
:
1) 2: got-gotten, struck-stricken;
2) have got - to have;
3) accomodation , ;
4) crouched, squaffed, stooped (crouched tiger, man was stooped), 1.
5) . It is very necessary that I have the above recommendations. should . should, ; .
: 1) , 2) .
. :
1) , , (), . , (caucus , selectman ), (fathers clock , log cabin , ranch - ), (pitcher ), , (coyote - ), (elevated railroad, express train , ). (blurb - );
2) , - , : lift elevator, braces suspenders, biscui t- cookie; :
BE AE
Bonnet hood
Hood top
Dynamo generator
Sparkling plug spark plug
Lorry truck
3) , , (milk-shake, bikini, Western, chewing gum);
4) , - , -
AE BE
Gimmick trick
Up-and-coming promising
Brainwasing indocrination
5) : chilli, chinch (-), ranch, mulatto, picanniny (), chimpunk (), pecan ( ), moccasin, canoe, wigwam, tomahawk wampum ( ), chinkapin ( ), to bury the hatchet, to put on war paint, to go on the war path, to scalp, to be after someones scalp, pale-face, pipe of peace, fire-water, medicine man, boss, cookie (), sleigh ();
6) , : + (pupil activities, sex appeal), , (check-off - , show-down - , walk-up ), (slanguage, catalo).
. . .
:
anesthesia ae anaesthesia
-ection connection -exion connexion
-ed burned -t burnt
-ense license -ence licence
-er center -re centre
-ization civilization -isation civilisation
-ize criticize -ise criticise
-ll fulfill -l fulfil
-ment judgment -ement judgement
-or color -our colour
, l , ll: quarrel quarrelling; , : travel traveling, signal signaling.
. 18 . . , . 1770 . 1783 . . . 1787 . . , .
, - . . .
1800 , . . (), . : kangaroo, boomerang, duck mole duck bill, dingo, station (farm).
. -. , , . , , . :
1) 15. 1763 . , , , . , , . .
2) 1763 1867 . .
3) 1867 . . , . , . : . , , .
-, , , , , ( blinds, serviette ) (Nitchie ). ( (.) corn rich, . corn crib). (angishore , dean ), (bim-codfish ), (hillok - ). , , .
: schedule Cn [skedgul], Am. [sedjul], tomato Cn. [temeitou], Am. [tema:tou], lieutenant Am [leftenent], Cn [lutenent]. , . , beret [berei] [berei], wrath [a, o:, æ], r . l, m, n reason. , ory/ -ary/ ery. , : dictionary, military, secretary, territory. ile: BE [ail], Cn [il] infantile, docile, hostile, [ai,ou] [ei, eu] light, down.
: , our, or (favor, color, honor), BE - - ce, CnE se (defence-se, offence-se), BE re, CnE er (center, theater, meter), BE logue, CnE log (prolog, dialog), BE cheque, programme CnE check, program.
, , , , .
. . :
1) (hell-hole , blackjack ) (candle );
2) . : wiwam , toboggan , hayak , nomatic , to throw the hatchet to the sky ;
3) ( , , ., : HBC Hudsons Bay Company, RCN Royal Canadian Navy.
11.
. ( 5-, 6- .) . . , , . - . . , , .
, ( - 8 ). , , . ( 5 8). , , , - , .
: 1) - 8- - 11 , 2) - 12- 15 , 3) - 16- ( (16 . - 18- ) ( 18- )).
. , , . , . , . , .
8- 9- , , .
8-11 . . - -, , .
() , . , : , , , . 10 . , - . , , : 1) , , , ; 2) , , , . . ( 9 .).
8-9 . . - diutisca zunge. diutisc , 10-11 . . deutsch .
: , ; 2- , , ; - , , ( ), , , ; . : , , , , , - ; (). (itis - , mornen ). , , , (wih , zebav ). , . , . 8 , , , (schule - . scuola < . Scola); (lilie - . Lilja < . Lilium); , . (. junior . jungivo - ). , . , , , , , . . .
11 15 . . , ; ; , .
. 12-13 . , , , . . , 10 .. , - . (. 1150) (. 1170) , (1160) (. 1180) . . , , . , , . 13 , , , , , . ( ), . , .
13-, 14-15 . . , : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ( ) .
- . , , , (, , , , , ), (, ), (, , ), . . , . , , 10 . ( , ), . , , . , , . , , . 13 . , , , , . , , .
-, , . . , (, ). 10 12 . , , ( ). , , . - ( ) 8-9 . 12-14 . , 11 . . . 14 . . , 15 . .
, ( , ). , . , 13-14 . , .
: 1) (, , ); 2) ( -, , , , ); 3) (, , , ).
. 14-15 . . , , 15 . , . , , , , , , , . , , .. , . 17 .
: - , ; - ( , , , ( ), , , , , , , ; - , (, edele , , , , , ), . 14-17 . .
11-14 . : , , , , . , , . .
, . . warc (...) turak. (. hospitale ... hospital).
: , , , . , . , , .
, , , , , , , . , , .
1) (16 - . 18 .), , , ; 2) , , .
- . : , , . 1522-1534 . , . , . 16 . , 16-17 . . 16 . , 17 . . , sassisch (), neddersassisch (), nedderdüdisch (). 17 . Plattdeutsch , , , , . , ( --). : , , .
16-18 . , ; , , .