.
( ).
ā | ō | ă | ě | ə | ||||||
æ å | æ ¯ å | |||||||||
ō | ă | |||||||||
e. g.: 8: octō ath au [o];
aqua- ahva .
:
i u ī ū
e a ē ō ei, eu, ai, au(oi, ou ).
u :
l, r, m, n ul, ur, um, un (, n-
in-
un-).
e i Þ ei ī, eu iu.
e. g.: est, asti, estí ist.
ī i, e ( , -);
ū u, o.
ī | ū | ī ē2 | ū | iu, ai, au | ||||
e | o | ē1 | ō | |||||
a | ā |
e2 . an Ü e. g.: bringen brachte bring bought.
i i, e; u u, o .
.
. - , ( ).
2 :
N ( i-);
N (u-).
: a, o, u i (j) (), [ə].
e. g.: mőhte ( h, ch) mohtî: o ő î . (mőgen mochte).
() bed badi (a e, i ø).
( : Mutter Mütter , i).
.
( ): u (w): wudu widu.
. . XIX XX , .
b d g | bh dh gh | p t k | |
() | I | II | III |
[p] | *b[h] | p[h] | |
t | d[h] | t[h] | |
k | g[h] | k[h] | |
ku | gu[h] | ku[h] | |
I | II | III | |
p | ƀ | f | |
t | đ | Þ | |
k | g | c | |
ku | gu | cu |
, ( !) (, ).
|
|
(!). (, ); .
:
N . . : p, t, k.
sp, st, sk, pt, kt sp, st, sk, ft, ht k[h] t[h] *k[h]b ( , ).
e. g.: piscis fisks ;
oktw, octō, ahtau[o] 8.
().
f, Þ, c, s ƀ, đ, g, z . . (a , , ).
.
ku gu[h] ku[h] e. g.: aqua
¯ ¯ ¯ aha. aha
ku(q) * g u h , .
åæ
g u(gw)/ƀ
e. g.: nix, G. nivis ( ninguit), neíjei , h snawis, snáw.
venio, baínw qiman, queman, koman, koma , .
.
b d g ƀ ð g .
, . . [ , , .]
giban gaf
hlaifs hlaibis
-biudan bau
( bieten).
( - .)
h ( ): h c (ch).
h ( ) . 2 : c h ), ch (x) (, ß gh (night) [nixt] [nīt] [nait]).
. - ; , , , () .
(-) : pepper pfeffer, p e per .
: z; ƀ b, ð d etc.
II () :
p, t, k ff, ζζ, hh (ch)
, , pf (ph), z (zz), kch (ch).
( ):
b, d, g b, t, g ( )
p, t, k ( -).
Þ (đ) d.
VIIIXI : , , .
|
|
rei[ī]s, dhrie, drî 3 ( three, drei).
.
( ) . : ( ) ( ) .
: () . Þ : [ə].Þ (), Þ , , .
( ) , ( ) .
.
, .
e. g.: sing sang sung; -song (.).
.
3 () 1 s Präs Prät. (Past simple) Part II (Partizip participle).
4: 1 s Prät 1 pl. Prät. .
.
e/o/ ø, eu/ou/u, etc.
6 .
e. g.: giba (praes.) gaf ƀ> (Prät.)
i/a u/e *ě/ō
jag [ø] [i]giver jag gav given
(I) give (I) gave given
(ich) gebe (ich) gab gegeben
(ik) geef (ik) gaf gegeven.
:
driva (inf.) driver (Pr.) drev driven
drive drove driven
treiben trieb getrieben
, . . , , , , .
, , . , , . , . .
( ):
( ). , . , , , p- .
[1], [2] ( [] [ , ] ), , . 1814 [ru] ( 1818 [ru]) , 1822 [ru] , [3][4][5]. (. Lautverschiebung)[6]. ( ) [3].
|
|
[7][8][9][10]:
(, [11] [12]):
-.. *p → . *ɸ (, -, *f, *ɸ *f)[9]
-.. *t → . *þ (θ)
-.. *k → . *x ( χ) → *h
-.. *kʷ → . *xʷ ( χʷ) → *hʷ
:
-.. *b → . *p
-.. *d → . *t
-.. *g → . *k
-.. *gʷ → . *kʷ
( , *ƀ *ð , *ð *l z, [13][14][15][10]):
-.. *bʰ → . *ƀ (β) → *ƀ / *b
-.. *dʰ → . *ð → *ð / *d
-.. *gʰ → . *ǥ (ɣ) → *ǥ / *g
-.. *gʷʰ → . *ǥʷ → *ǥʷ / *gʷ
. , - , ( ) ( ) ( ), , ( )[16].
, : , , , [17]. , . , [18].
, [19][20]:
[ru] | ||||
p | t | k | kʷ | |
b | d | g | gʷ | |
bʰ | d | gʰ | gʷʰ |
p | t | k | kʷ | |
ɸ | þ | x | xʷ | |
ƀ | đ | ǥ | ǥʷ | |
( ) | [b] | [d] | [g] | [gʷ] |
. [28]:
1. . . , , . [29].
2. . , . XIX , . , .
|
|
3. . , , , , .
4. . , , ( ), , : 1) , 2) , 3) . , , [30].
,
. , :
: iī uū
: eē ō
: ā
, [ə],
.
i, - .
( )
. ĕ ŏ, . ă
. ĭ ŭ i̯ u̯.
ē, ō, ā, ī ū , ĭ ŭ, ,
i̯ u̯.
,
, .
.
-.-. ă = , : . . ager '' . akrs. .-. ŏ , : . . rota
'' . rad. ĕ, ĭ, ,
. ə ( ): . . duhitár-, rp. thy-gátēr
'' . daúhtar, ă: . . pitár-, . pater '' . fadar.
.-. ō, ī, ū: .-. *pōd- > rp. poús '' -. fōtus;
. suīnus ''- . swein (. ei = [ī]), . sūrus ''- ., . sūr, . súrr ''. ā
ō : .-. ā > , ō: . stāre ''- . stōþ > ''; .-. ē > . ǣ (. ē, . ǣ, ., .
ā: p. tithēmi '' - . ga-dēþs, . dǣd, . tāt, . dáð '').
. ,
.
, ,
. - ei, eu, ai, au -
,
.